UMIVEBSITY  OF  OALIFOBMIA  PUBLICATIONS 

COLLEGE  OF  AGRICULTURE 

AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION 
BERKELEY,  CALIFORNIA 


PHYLLOXERA-RESISTANT 
STOCKS 


BY 

FREDERIC  T.  BIOLETTI,    F.  C.  H.  FLOSSFEDER 

AND 

A.  E.  WAY 


BULLETIN  331 

October,  1921 


UNIVERSITY   OF  CALIFORNIA   PRESS 

BERKELEY,  CALIFORNIA 

1921 


David  P.  Barrows,  President  of  the  University. 


EXPERIMENT  STATION  STAFF 

HEADS  OF  DIVISIONS 

Thomas  Forsyth  Hunt,  Dean. 

Edward  J.  Wickson,  Horticulture  (Emeritus). 

,  Director  of  Resident  Instruction. 

Clarence  M.  Haring,  Veterinary  Science,  Director  Agricultural  Experiment 
Station. 

B.  H.  Crocheron,  Director  of  Agricultural  Extension. 

James    T.    Barrett,    Acting   Director    of     Citrus    Experiment    Station,    Plant 

Pathology. 
H.  E.  Van  Norman,  Dairy  Management. 
William  A.  Setchell,  Botany. 
Myer  E.  Jaffa,  Nutrition. 
Ralph  E.  Smith,  Plant  Pathology. 
John  W.  Gilmore,  Agronomy. 
Charles  F.  Shaw,  Soil  Technology. 
John  W.  Gregg,  Landscape  Gardening  and  Floriculture. 
Frederic  T.  Bioletti,  Viticulture  and  Fruit  Products. 
Warren  T.  Clarke,  Agricultural  Extension. 
Ernest  B.  Babcock,  Genetics. 
Gordon  H.  True,  Animal  Husbandry. 
Walter  Mulford,  Forestry. 
Fritz  W.  Woll,  Animal  Nutrition. 
W.  P.  Kelley,  Agricultural  Chemistry. 
H.  J.  Quayle,  Entomology. 
Elwood  Mead,  Rural  Institutions. 
H.  S.  Reed,  Plant  Physiology. 
L.  D.  Batchelor,  Orchard  Management. 
J.  C.  Whitten,  Pomology. 
"Frank  Adams,  Irrigation  Investigations. 

C.  L.  Roadhouse,  Dairy  Industry. 
R.  L.  Adams,  Farm  Management. 

W.  B.  Herms,  Entomology  and  Parasitology. 

F.  L.  Griffin,  Agricultural  Education. 
John  E.  Dougherty,  Poultry  Husbandry. 

D.  R.  Hoagland,  Plant  Nutrition. 

G.  H.  Hart,  Veterinary  Science, 

L.  J.  Fletcher,  Agricultural  Engineering. 
Edwin  C.  Voorhies,  Assistant  to  the  Dean. 

division  of  viticulture  and  fruit  products 

F.  T.  Bioi  etti  A.  J.  Winkler 

W.  V.  Cruess  J.  H.  Irish 

A.  W.  Christie  H.  E.  Jacob 

L.  O.  Bonnet  G.  Barovetto 


*  In  cooperation  with  office  of  Public  Roads  and  Rural  Engineering,  U.  S.  Department  of 
Agriculture. 


PHYLLOXERA-RESISTANT   STOCKS 

BY 

FREDERIC  T.  BIOLETTI,  F.  C.  H.  FLOSSFEDER,  and  A.  E.  WAY 


CONTENTS 

A.    GENERAL    ACCOUNT 

I.  History  of  the  Use  of  Phylloxera-Resistant  Stock:  page 

(a)  General 82 

(b)  California 83 

II.  Outline  of  Experiment  Work: 

(a)  Stocks  used 84 

(b)  Scope  of  the  investigation 90 

(c)  Equipment 90 

B.    EXPERIMENT  DATA 

I.  Suitability  for  Nursery  Purposes: 

(a)  Cost  of  cuttings 91 

(b)  Ease  of  grafting 93 

(c)  Percentage  and  perfection  of  unions 93 

(d)  Development  in  the  nursery 96 

II.  Suitability  for  Vineyard  Purposes  : 

(a)  Character  of  the  unions 98 

(b)  Vigor  of  the  bearing  vines 109 

(c)  Durability  of  the  vines 110 

(d)  Quantity  of  crop 114 

(e)  Quality  of  crop 115 

C.    SUMMARY    AND    CONCLUSIONS 

(a)  Best  stocks  for  each  scion  variety 121 

(b)  Best  stocks  for  general  use 129 

TABLES 

I.     Yield  of  cuttings  of  various  stocks 92 

II.     Percentage  of  Number  1  rooted  grafts 95 

III.  Combinations  giving  highest  percentages  of  Number  1  rooted  grafts  96 

IV.  Vigor  of  various  combinations 97 

V.     Average  stock  :  scion  ratio  for  each  stock  and  scion 109 

VI.  Relative  vigor  of  grafts  on  various  stocks 110 

VII.  Stand  of  grafted  Sultanina Ill 

VIII.  Stand  of  various  grafted  vines 112 

IX.  Durability  of  grafted  vines  —  Summaries 113 

X.  Durability  of  grafted  vines  —  all  combinations.    Davis 131 

XL  Durability  of  grafted  vines  —  all  combinations.    Kearney 135 

XII.  Crops  of  various  varieties  on  various  stocks.    Davis 136 

XIII.  Crops  of  raisin  varieties  on  various  stocks.    Kearney 139 

XIV.  Average  Balling  degree  with  each  stock 117 

XV.  Average  Balling  degree  with  each  scion 117 

XVI.     Relative  bearing  and  sugar  content — all  combinations  ., 119 

XVII.     Relative  bearing  and  sugar  content — identical  combinations 119 

XVIII  to  XXXV.     Record  of  various  stocks  for  each  scion  variety 122 

XXXVI.     Stock  recommended  for  each  scion  variety 129 


82  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

CONTENTS— (Continued) 

figures  PAGE 

1.  Defective  vineyard  graft  of  Tokay  on  Rupestris  St.  George,  5  years  old 99 

2.  Defective  bench  grafts • 100 

3.  Good  bench  grafts 101 

4.  Unions  with  various  stocks  —  Dattier,  6  years  old 102 

5.  Sections  of  unions  shown  in  Figure  4 102 

6.  Unions  with  various  stocks  —  Muscat,  6  years  old 104 

7.  Sections  of  unions  shown  in  Figure  6 104 

8.  Unions  with  various  stocks  —  Muscat,  7  years  old 105 

9.  Unions  with  various  stocks  —  Sultanina,  7  years  old 107 

10.  Unions  with  various  stocks  —  Cornichon,  7  years  old 108 

11    Chart  showing  the  comparative  behavior  of  the  seven  principal  stocks  in 

regard  to  results  in  the  nursery  and  in  crop  and  durability  in  the  vineyard   130 


A.    GENERAL   ACCOUNT 

The  Phylloxera  is  a  minute  insect,  allied  to  the  scales  and  aphids, 
which  lives  on  all  species  of  vines  except  V.  rotundifolia  and  V.  munso- 
niana  of  the  southern  states.  It  attacks  both  the  leaves  and  roots  of 
other  American  vines,  but  usually  without  doing  serious  injury.  It 
attacks  all  vinifera  varieties,  usually  only  the  roots,  and  finally  de- 
stroys them.  The  only  method  of  combating  this  pest  that  is  of  general 
application  is  the  use  of  resistant  vines.  All  resistant  vines  are  varie- 
ties of  American  species,  or  hybrids  of  these  species  with  vinifera 
varieties.  Although  the  insect  attacks  the  roots  of  these  vines,  the 
injury  done  is  usually  slight  and  not  sufficient  to  interfere  with  their 
profitable  cultivation. 

I.  History  of  the  Use  of  Phylloxera-Resistant  Stock. 

(a)  General :  The  Phylloxera  is  a  native  of  the  United  States  and 
was  introduced  into  Europe  with  rooted  American  vines.  When  vines 
were  first  found  to  be  dying  under  the  attacks  of  this  pest  it  was  noted 
that  American  varieties  remained  apparently  uninjured.  This  led  to 
the  planting  of  American  vines  to  replace  the  vinifera  varieties  that 
had  died.  The  results  were  disappointing.  The  best  of  the  American 
vines  weakened  or  died  and  those  which  survived  yielded  poor  crops 
of  inferior  fruit. 

The  next  step  was  to  graft  the  old  French  vinifera  varieties  on  to 
the  American  vines  which  had  maintained  vigorous  growth  in  spite  of 
the  presence  of.the  insect.  The  results  were  varied.  In  some  instances 
the  vines  died  after  bearing  a  few  crops,  showing  that  the  resistance 
was  insufficient  to  maintain  a  vine  producing  heavy  crops.     In  other 


BULLETIN  331]  PHYLLOXERA-RESISTANT   STOCKS  83 

instances  the  vines  lived,  but  were  small  and  weak.  In  still  other 
instances  the  results  were  satisfactory. 

After  fifty  years  of  experimentation  and  experience,  the  causes  of 
these  variations  are  fairly  well  understood.  It  is  now  known  that  the 
American  vines  vary  in  their  degree  of  resistance  to  Phylloxera,  their 
adaptation  to  different  kinds  of  soil,  moisture,  and  weather  conditions, 
the  perfection  and  durability  of  the  unions  they  make  with  vinifera 
scions,  and  in  the  vigor  and  fruitfulness  of  the  vines  they  support. 

Of  the  thousands  of  varieties  which  have  been  tested,  only  a  few 
have  been  retained  in  general  use.  L.  Ravaz,  in  "Les  Vignes  ameri- 
caines,"  published  in  1902,  describes  over  six  hundred  varieties,  but 
P.  Gervais  in  his  report  to  the  International  Congress  of  Viticulture 
in  1900  mentions  only  twenty-six  as  being  largely  planted.  Since  that 
time  the  number  of  varieties  used  widely  or  that  can  be  strongly  recom- 
mended has  decreased. 

(6)  California:  "We  commenced  planting  resistant  vines  in  Cali- 
fornia nearly  twenty  years  after  the  French  and  were  spared  much 
of  the  uncertainty  of  the  first  stages  of  experimentation.  Owing  to 
the  great  differences  in  soil  and  climate,  however,  we  can  accept  the 
French  conclusions  only  in  a  general  way  and  as  a  guide  for  our  own 
tests. 

At  first  we  made  many  of  the  mistakes  of  the  French.  We  planted 
inferior  and  unselected  stocks.  We  placed  them  indifferently  in  any 
soil  and  in  any  climate.  We  grafted  them  with  any  variety.  And, 
finally,  our  methods  of  handling  were  usually  defective.  During  the 
last  fifteen  years  our  varieties  and  methods  have  been  fairly  satisfac- 
tory, but  there  are  still  many  instances  of  partial  or  total  failure  and 
it  is  probable  that  in  but  few  instances  are  the  best  possible  results 
being  obtained. 

II.  Outline  of  Experiment  Work. 

Between  1876  and  1898  the  California  Agricultural  Experiment 
Station  published  about  21  bulletins  and  leaflets  on  Phylloxera  and 
resistant  vines.  Most  of  these  were  short  and  fragmentary.  Since 
1898  the  station  has  given  considerable  attention  to  these  subjects  and 
has  issued  a  number  of  publications.    The  principal  are : 

Bulletin  127 — Bench-grafting  Resistant  "Vines.    1900. 

Bulletin  131— The  Phylloxera  of  the  Vines.     1901. 

Bulletin  146— New  Methods  of  Grafting  and  Budding  Vines.     1902. 

Bulletin  148— Resistant  Vines  and  Their  Hybrids.     1903. 

Bulletin  180 — Resistant  Vineyards.     1906. 

Bulletin  192 — (In  part)  Insects  Injurious  to  the  Vine  in  California.    1907. 

Bulletin  197 — (In  part)  Phylloxera  and  Resistant  Vines.     1908. 

Circular  76 — Hot-room  Callusing.     1912. 


84  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

These  publications,  which  are  all  out  of  print,  gave  the  results  of 
experiment  and  observation  in  California  and  such  of  the  results  of 
European  experience  as  seemed  applicable  to  Californian  conditions. 

When  the  University  acquired  the  Davis  and  Kearney  farms  it 
became  possible  to  undertake  more  extended  work  of  investigation.  It 
seemed  unnecessary  and  impracticable  to  repeat  or  extend  most  of  the 
vast  amount  of  experimentation  that  had  enlightened  the  grape  growers 
of  Europe.  It  was  decided  to  confine  the  work  to  the  lines  of  investi- 
gation that  seemed  of  most  importance  to  Californian  viticulture  and 
to  make  as  much  use  as  possible  of  the  previous  work  of  European 
investigators  by  commencing  where  they  had  left  off. 

In  the  choice  of  varieties  of  stocks,  the  principal  guide  was  the 
work  of  Prosper  Gervais,  both  because  of  his  acknowledged  competence 
in  the  matter  and  because  most  of  his  work  was  done  in  southern 
Prance,  where  the  conditions  are  in  many  ways  similar  to  those  of 
California. 

(a)  Stocks  used:  The  stocks  chosen  for  use  in  the  experiment 
work  were  partly  pure  American  species  (American  stocks),  partly 
hybrids  between  two  or  more  American  species  (Americo-american 
stocks),  and  partly  hybrids  between  American  species  and  vinifera 
varieties  (Vinifera-american  stocks). 

Of  the  American  stocks,  only  varieties  of  Rupestris  and  Riparia 
were  chosen. 

Varieties  of  Rupestris — the  rock  vine — are  in  a  general  way  suited 
to  deep  soils  and  hot  climates.  They  are  vigorous,  stout  plants  with 
fleshy,  deeply  plunging  roots.  Three  varieties  were  used:  R.  St. 
George,  R.  Martin,  and  R.  Pisgah. 

Varieties  of  Riparia — the  river-bank  grape — are,  in  a  general  way, 
suited  to  cooler  climates  and  rich  alluvial  soils,  with  a  high  water  level. 
The  best  of  them  are  vigorous,  but  more  slender  than  the  Rupestris, 
and  they  have  a  spreading  horizontal  root  system.  According  to 
European  experiences,  they  tend  to  increase  bearing,  to  hasten  ripen- 
ing, and  to  improve  the  color,  size,  and  sweetness  of  the  fruit.  They 
are  more  susceptible  to  injury  from  neglect  and  ill-treatment  than  the 
Rupestris,  and  have  a  tendency  to  be  weakened  or  killed  by  over- 
bearing. Only  one  variety  was  used,  the  Riparia  Gloire  de  Mont  pettier, 
which  is  considered  the  best- 
Varieties  of  Berlandieri  have  most  of  the  good  qualities  of  both 
Rupestris  and  Riparia,  but  are  not  generally  available  owing  to  the 
great  difficulty  of  rooting  the  cuttings.  In  certain  hybrids  of  the 
Berlandieri  this  difficulty  does  not  exist  and  the  good  qualities  are  re- 
tained.   The  chief  value  of  pure  Berlandieri  varieties  is  in  their  toler- 


Bulletin  331]  PHYLLOXERA-RESISTANT  STOCKS  85 

ance  of  excessive  amounts  of  lime  in  the  soil.  As  such  soils  are  rare 
in  California,  no  pure  Berlandieri  were  used. 

The  principal  Americo-american  stocks  used  were  hybrids  of  the 
three  species  mentioned  above. 

Some  of  the  Riparia  x  Rupestris  hybrids  unite  very  successfully 
the  good  qualities  of  both  parents.  The  varieties  chosen  were  Rip.  x 
Rup.  101-14,  3306,  and  3309.  The  Rip.  x  Rup.  101-14  has  more  of  the 
characteristics  of  the  Riparia;  the  Rip.  x  Rup.  3309  more  those  of 
the  Rupestris;  and  Rip.  x.  Rup.  3306  is  more  nearly  intermediate. 
These  varieties  adapt  themselves  to  a  wider  range  of  soil  conditions 
than  the  pure  species  and,  under  most  conditions,  succeed  as  well. 

Some  of  the  Riparia  x  Berlandieri  hybrids  are  particularly  prom- 
ising, doing  as  well  as  the  Rip.  x  Rup.  hybrids  in  a  wide  range  of  soils 
and  doing  perhaps  better  in  dry  or  otherwise  defective  situations. 
Their  only  defect  seems  to  be  a  somewhat  slower  development  during 
the  first  two  or  three  years.  The  varieties  chosen  were  157-11  and 
420-A.  The  Rip.  x  Berl.  420-A  seems  on  the  whole  to  be  the  better  and 
was  most  largely  used. 

Other  Americo-american  stocks  used  were  the  triple  hybrids 
Riparia-Rup  est  ris-Cordi  folia  106-8,  recommended  for  heavy,  stiff  soils, 
and  the  Riparia-Rup  est  ris-Candicans  1616,  recommended  for  saline 
soils.  The  Dogridge,  a  variety  introduced  by  T.  V.  Munson,  was  used 
on  account  of  its  remarkable  vigor.  It  is  classed  by  Munson  as  a 
variety  of  Vitis  Champini,  but  according  to  Ravaz  the  Champini 
varieties  are  hybrids  of  Rupestris  and  Candicans. 

The  Y  inif  era-ameriea<n  hybrids  show  a  great  diversity  of  character. 
Some  of  them  bear  good  crops  of  fair  fruit.  These  are  usually  insuffi- 
ciently resistant.  Others,  generally  sterile  or  producing  fruit  of  little 
value  when  ungrafted,  are  excellent  grafting  stocks.  They  are  usually 
vigorous,  enlarging  as  quickly  as  the  scion,  well  adapted  to  a  large 
variety  of  soils,  and  rooting  and  grafting  easily.  Although  a  little 
less  resistant  than  varieties  of  exclusively  American  origin,  all  that 
are  used  largely  are  sufficiently  resistant  where  the  soil  and  other 
conditions  are  favorable.  The  varieties  of  this  class  chosen  were: 
Aramon  x  Rupestris  No.  1,  No.  2,  and  No.  9,  Mourvedre  x  Rupestris 
No.  1202,  Chasselas  x  Berlandieri  41-B,  Cabernet  x  Berlandieri  333 
E.  M.,  Bourrisquou  x  Rupestris  93-5,  Tokay  x  Rupestris,  and  Lenoir 
(=Estivalis-Cinerea-Vinifera).  The  numbered  hybrids  are  usually 
referred  to  simply  by  their  numbers  or  some  other  contraction  of  their 
full  names. 

Some  of  these  stocks  are  the  result  of  the  selection  of  vines  acci- 
dentally found  in  the  vineyard — Rupestris  St.  George,  Riparia  gloire — 


86  UNIVERSITY   OF    CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT    STATION 

others  are  the  result  of  definite  crosses  made  by  Couderc,  Millardet 
and  de  Grasset,  Ganzin,  Swett,  and  the  Viticultural  School  of  Mont- 
pellier  (E.  M.). 

List  of  Stocks  Used 
American : 

1.  Eupestris  St.  George. 

2.  Eupestris  Martin  (Couderc). 

3.  Eupestris  Pisgah  (Bethune). 

4.  Eiparia  gloire  de  Montpellier. 

Americo-american\: 

5.  Eiparia  x  Eupestris,  101-14  (Millardet  and  de  Grasset). 

6.  Eiparia  x  Eupestris,  3309  (Couderc). 

7.  Eiparia  x  Eupestris,  3306  (Couderc). 

8.  Eiparia  x  Berlandieri,  420-A  (Millardet  and  de  Grasset). 

9.  Eiparia  x  Berlandieri,  157-11  (Couderc). 

10.  Eiparia  x  Eupestris  x  Cordifolia,  106-8  (Millardet  and  de  Grasset). 

11.  Eiparia  x  Eupestris  x  Candicans,  1616  (Couderc). 

12.  Eupestris  x  Candicans,  Dogridge  (Munson). 

Franco-american  : 

13.  Aramon  x  Eupestris  No.  1  (Ganzin). 

14.  Aramon  x  Eupestris  No.  2  (Ganzin). 

15.  Aramon  x  Eupestris  No.  9  (Ganzin). 

16.  Mourvedre  x  Eupestris,  1202   (Couderc). 

17.  Chasselas  x  Berlandieri,  41-B  (Millardet  and  de  Grasset). 

18.  Cabernet  x  Berlandieri,  333  E.  M. 

19.  Bourrisquou  x  Eupestris,  93-5. 

20.  Tokay  x  Eupestris,  Swett. 

21.  Lenoir  =  Estivalis-Cinerea-Vinif era. 

The  following  notes  on  these  various  stocks  are  based  principally 
on  "Les  Vignes  americaines, "  by  L.  Eavaz.  Algerian  experience  is 
noted  with  some  owing  to  the  similarity  of  climate  between  that  coun- 
try and  California.1  In  the  light  of  our  investigations,  some  of  the 
opinions  given  in  this  list  require  modifications  to  suit  Californian 
conditions. 

1.  Rupestris  St.  George  (Syn.,  R.  du  Lot)  :  This  stock  is  used  in 
California  more  than  all  others  together.  It  is  also  used  largely  in 
France  and  other  countries,  usually  under  the  name  of  Rupestris  die 
Lot.  It  succeeds  in  all  good  soils,  provided  they  are  deep,  well  drained, 
and  sufficiently  supplied  with  water.  In  shallow  soils,  underlaid  by 
impervious  hardpan,  rock,  or  clay,  it  usually  fails.  It  is  well  thought 
of  in  Algeria,  though  it  suffers  in  dry  seasons. 


i  Vivet,  E.,  "Compte  rendu  du  Congres  Viticole  de  Montpellier,"  1911. 


Bulletin  331]  PHYLLOXERA-RESISTANT  STOCKS  87 

It  is  very  vigorous,  makes  good  unions  with  most  stocks,  and  often 
grows  as  large  as  the  scion.  Its  great  vigor  tends  to  make  its  grafts 
bear  lightly  unless  long  pruned.  It  roots  and  grafts  readily.  It  pro- 
duces suckers  profusely,  which  are  very  troublesome  unless  the  cut- 
tings are  thoroughly  disbudded  before  grafting  and  the  vines  carefully 
suckered  during  the  first  three  or  four  years  in  the  vineyard. 

2.  Rupestris  Martin:  This  stock  has  most  of  the  qualities  of  the 
R.  St.  George,  but  it  is  more  difficult  to  graft.  It  is  less  sensitive  to 
dryness  and  its  grafts  have  less  tendency  to  drop  their  fruit. 

3.  Rupestris  Pisgah:  When  resistant  vines  were  first  used  in  Cali- 
fornia seedlings  and  cuttings  from  vines  growing  wild  in  the  Missis- 
sippi Valley  were  often  used.  These  varied  very  much  in  character 
and  vigor,  most  of  them  being  valueless.  Among  them  occurred  some 
especially  vigorous  varieties.  R.  Pisgah  was  of  this  class,  and  was 
selected  by  Mr.  Bethune  at  the  Mt.  Pisgah  Vineyard  in  Sonoma  County. 
Its  characters  and  capabilities  have  not  yet  been  well  tested,  but  it 
seems  to  be  an  excellent  form  of  Rupestris. 

4.  Riparia  glair e  de  Montpellier:  Among  the  first  successful  re- 
sistant stocks  were  seedling  riparias.  They  varied  much  in  vigor  and 
in  general  were  of  smaller  size  than  the  vinifera  scions. 

The  selected  variety  known  as  the  Gloire  de  Montpellier  has  all  the 
good  qualities  of  the  other  riparias  and  is  superior  to  most  of  them  in 
size  and  vigor.  It  roots  easily  and  takes  the  graft  well. '  This  stock  in 
Algeria  has  been  short-lived  except  on  rich,  deep,  moist,  sedimentary 
soils.    In  other  situations  it  has  suffered  during  hot  periods. 

5.  Riparia  x  Rupestris  101-14:  Resembles  a  riparia  and  is  best 
suited  to  rich  mellow  soils  well  supplied  with  water.  It  is  distinguished 
from  the  following  two  by  bearing  fruit.  The  others  are  staminate 
vines  and  therefore  bear  no  fruit.  This  stock  has  done  well  in  Algeria 
in  various  soils, 

6.  Riparia  x  Rupestris  3309:  Is  the  most  used  of  the  three  and 
succeeds  in  soils  which  are  too  dry  for  the  others.  In  Algeria  it  has 
not  done  well  in  very  sandy  or  heavy  clay  soils. 

7.  Riparia  x  Rupestris  3306:  Is  said  to  do  well  in  moist  clay  soils. 
It  is  easily  distinguished  from  3309  by  the  soft  short  hairiness  or  pubes- 
cence of  its  canes.  It  has  given  good  results  in  Algeria  in  moist  sedi- 
mentary soils. 

Riparia  x  Berlandieri:  These  hybrids  are  the  result  of  attempts 
in  France  to  obtain  a  stock  having  the  resistance  to  lime  of  the  Ber- 
landieri and  the  ease  of  rooting  of  the  Riparia.  The  result  is  very 
successful. 


00  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

Among  these  are  stocks  not  only  of  high  resistance  to  Phylloxera 
and  to  an  excess  of  lime,  but  with  all  the  other  qualities  .we  look  for  in 
a  stock.  They  rpot  and  graft  easily,  improve  the  bearing  and  ripening 
of  most  varieties  grafted  on  them,  and  succeed  well  in  most  soils,  even 
in  those  which  are  too  dry  for  the  majority  of  stocks. 

8.  Riparia  x  Berlandieri  420- A:  Is  extremely  vigorous,  producing 
an  abundance  of  good  wood  for  grafting.  The  wood  ripens  well  and 
the  cuttings  root  and  graft  easily.  It  is  easily  distinguished  from  the 
following  stock  by  the  reddish  or  violet  colored  nodes  of  the  canes  and 
by  the  fact  that  it  is  staminate.  This  variety  and  41-B  have  given 
very  good  results  in  Algeria.  Their  grafts  are  vigorous,  fruitful,  and 
resistant  to  drought. 

9.  Riparia  x  Berlandieri  157-11:  Resembles  the  preceding  in  its 
vigor,  adaptation  to  diverse  soils,  and  ease  of  grafting.  It  often  fails 
to  ripen  its  wood  thoroughly  and  consequently  does  not  root  so  well  in 
the  nursery.  This  is  due  to  its  tendency  to  grow  late  in  the  season. 
Mother  vines  of  this  variety  should  be  grown  in  hot  dry  situations. 

10.  Riparia-Rupestris-Cordifolia  106-8:  Is  a  vigorous  variety  with 
somewhat  slender  canes  which  root  easily.  It  is  particularly  suited  to 
gravelly  soils  and  to  clay  soils  which  become  hard  after  the  rains. 

11.  Riparia  x  Rupestris  x  Candicans  1616:  Is  a  hybrid  between 
Riparia  and  Solonis  and  has  most  resemblance  to  Riparia,  being 
suited  to  about  the  same  conditions.  It  is  said  to  be  very  resistant  to 
salt  and  might  be  suited  to  alkaline  soils. 

12.  Rupestris  x  Candicans:  A  group  of  vines  growing  wild  in 
parts  of  the  southwestern  states  was  named  V.  Champini  by  Planch  on. 
French  botanists  consider  these  vines  to  be  natural  hybrids  of  Rupestris 
and  Candicans.  They  are  extremely  vigorous  plants,  resistant  to 
Phylloxera,  and  grow  well  in  compact  and  dry  soils.  Most  of  them 
root  with  some  difficulty.  A  variety  from  T.  V.  Munson,  Bogridge, 
which  seems  one  of  the  best,  was  tested. 

13.  Aramon  x  Rupestris  No.  1 :  This  is  a  cross  between  the  vinifera 
variety  Aramon  and  the  Rupestris  Ganzin.  It  is  very  vigorous  and 
produces  in  abundance  grafting  cuttings  of  good  size  which  root  well. 
Its  main  defect  is  that  many  grafts  fail  to  unite  in  the  nursery.  Those 
which  grow,  however,  develop  and  bear  well.  Like  most  hybrids  with 
vinifera,  it  is  attractive  to  the  Phylloxera,  which  may  weaken  it  in 
poor  or  dry  soil. 

14.  15.  Aramon  x  Rupestris  No.  2  and  A.  x.  R.  No.  9 :  These  are  of 
the  same  parentage  as  No.  1  and  have  very  similar  characteristics. 
They  are  not  so  much  used  in  France,  as  they  are  more  sensitive  to 


BULLETIN1   331]  PHYLLOXERA-RESISTANT    STOCKS  89 

excess  of  lime  in  the  soil.     Otherwise,  they  are  said  by  P.  Gervais  to 
be  as  good  or  better. 

16.  Mourvedre  x  Rupestris  1202:  This  hybrid  resembles  a  vinifera 
more  than  a  Kupestris  in  its  appearance,  vigor,  thick  fleshy  roots,  and 
the  ease  with  which  it  is  rooted  and  grafted.  Ungrafted,  it  bears  large 
numbers  of  black  grapes  of  fair  size  in  small  bunches.  The  Phylloxera 
attacks  it,  but  does  little  damage  in  deep,  moist  soil.  It  grows  as  large 
as  the  scion,  and  its  grafts  are  fruitful.  It  has  given  good  results  in 
moist  soils  in  Algeria. 

17.  Chasselas  x  Berlandieri  41-B :  This  hybrid,  like  all  crosses  of 
Berlandieri,  develops  slowly  at  first  after  grafting,  but  finally  pro- 
duces vigorous,  fertile  vines.  It  will  succeed  in  a  wide  variety  of  soils. 
It  grafts  easily,  but  roots  with  more  difficulty  than  Riparia. 

18.  Cabernet  x  Berlandieri  333:  This  hybrid  lacks  almost  com- 
pletely the  defects  of  the  Berlandieri ;  that  is,  it  roots  easily  and  de- 
velops quickly.  There  seems  to  be  some  doubt  as  to  its  degree  of  re- 
sistance to  Phylloxera,  but  it  can  be  safely  planted  in  good  deep  soil 
and  it  withstands  drought  well. 

19.  Bourrisquou  x  Rupestris  93-5:  This  vinifera  hybrid  is  very 
vigorous,  and  easy  to  propagate  and  graft.  It  is  resistant  to  drought 
and  chlorosis  and  is  suited  to  adobe  soils.  Like  1202,  it  is  attacked  by 
phylloxera,  but  is  sufficiently  vigorous  to  remain  healthy  in  good  soils. 
It  bears  small  berries  in  bunches  of  medium  size. 

20.  Tokay  x  Rupestris  No.  1:  Mr.  Frank  T.  Swett  of  Martinez, 
California,  struck  with  the  great  vigor  of  the  Flame  Tokay,  which 
enables  it  to  remain  productive  for  many  years  after  it  has  become 
infested  with  Phylloxera,  conceived  the  idea  of  crossing  it  with  the 
Rupestris  St.  George.  He  obtained  a  number  of  crosses  of  remarkable 
vigor,  of  which  this  is  the  most  promising.  It  produces  an  abundance 
of  grafting  wood,  roots  easily,  and  takes  the  graft  well.  About  its 
resistance  to  Phylloxera  nothing  is  known,  but  it  is  probably  sufficient 
in  good  soil. 

21.  Lenoir:  This  variety  is  considered  by  T.  V.  Munson  to  belong 
to  the  species  V.  Bourquiniana,  which  he  has  established  for  this  plant 
and  for  the  Herbemont.  According  to  L.  Ravaz,  it  is  a  hybrid  of 
Estivalis-Cinerea  and  Vinifera.  It  is  a  little  difficult  to  root,  but  takes 
the  graft  well  and  makes  excellent  unions.  It  was  planted  extensively 
in  France  at  one  time,  both  as  a  stock  and  as  a  direct  producer,  as  it 
bears  good  crops  of  grapes  of  fair  quality  for  wine-making.  It  has 
been  abandoned  almost  everywhere,  however,  owing  to  its  low  resist- 
ance to  Phylloxera,  which  is  sufficient  only  in  rich  deep  moist  soils. 


90  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

(&)  Scope  of  the  investigation:  A  grafting  stock  for  vines  must 
possess  a  number  of  qualities  which  concern  its  relation  to  Phylloxera, 
to  the  varieties  with  which  it  is  to  be  grafted,  and  to  the  soil  and  climate 
in  which  the  vineyard  is  situated.  All  these  categories  are  variable, 
and  no  stock  can  be  found  which  is  best  in  all  cases.  A  stock  which 
is  excellent  in  one  set  of  conditions  may  be  a  failure  in  another.  A 
defect  which  may  be  fatal  in  one  case  may  not  be  of  importance  or 
may  even  be  an  advantage  in  another. 

Our  judgment  of  which  is  the  best  will  depend  to  some  extent  on 
our  point  of  view.  The  nurseryman  is  apt  to  consider  that  the  best 
stock  which  will  enable  him  most  easily  and  most  cheaply  to  supply 
his  customer  with  large  rooted  grafts.  To  one  grower,  the  fertility  of 
the  vines  or  the  quickness  with  which  they  come  into  bearing  may  be 
of  most  importance.  To  another,  the  quality  of  the  fruit  or  its  earli- 
ness  of  ripening  may  be  factors. 

The  investigations  were  planned  to  give  data  that  would  be  useful 
from  all  points  of  view,  and  especially  regarding  those  points  which 
appeared  of  most  local  interest  and  importance. 

(c)  Equipment:  The  material  of  the  experiments  consisted  of  the 
twenty-one  stocks  already  enumerated  and  as  many  as  possible  of  the 
most  important  wine,  table,  and  raisin  grapes  of  California. 

A  collection  of  the  chosen  varieties  of  stocks  was  made  and  planted 
for  the  purpose  of  testing  the  methods  of  growing  mother  vines  and 
of  producing  resistant  cuttings  for  bench  grafts. 

A  grafting  house  and  cutting  shed  were  built  for  the  convenient 
handling,  storing,  and  disinfection  of  cuttings  and  for  experiments  in 
grafting  and  callusing. 

A  nursery  was  prepared  for  the  rooting  of  cuttings  and  grafts  to 
be  grown  for  the  various  field  tests. 

These  field  tests  consisted  of  the  growing  of  small  plots  of  the 
various  combinations  of  our  principal  grapes  with  the  various  stocks. 
All  the  vines  of  each  variety  of  scion  were  at  first  treated  alike  as 
regards  pruning  and  other  operations  in  order  that  any  differences 
found  could  be  ascribed  to  the  nature  of  the  stock.  As  the  vines  de- 
veloped it  became  necessary  to  modify  the  pruning  according  to  the 
vigor  of  the  vines,  which  differed  with  different  stocks. 

The  various  plots  at  Davis  devoted  to  this  work  cover  in  all  a  little 
more  than  10  acres;  those  at  Kearney,  about  3  acres.  They  make  it 
possible  to  test  the  cost  of  producing  bench  grafts  and  the  value  of 
the  various  stocks  from  the  nurseryman's  point  of  view,  viz.,  their 
relative  merits  as  regards  rooting,  grafting,  and  development  in  the 
nursery.    The  value  to  the  grape  grower  can  also  be  tested,  viz.,  the 


Bulletin  331]  PHYLLOXERA-RESISTANT  STOCKS  91 

quantity  and  quality  of  their  crops,  and  the  permanence  and  perfection 
of  their  unions,  and  therefore  their  longevity,  and  any  difference  which 
exists  in  these  respects  with  different  combinations  of  stock  and  scion. 
Two  important  problems  are  not  provided  for,  namely,  the  relative 
resistance  of  the  various  stocks  to  Phylloxera,  and  their  adaptation  to 
various  soils.  The  first  of  these  problems,  however,  may  be  considered 
in  most  cases  as  settled  by  the  work  and  experience  of  European  in- 
vestigators. The  resistance  of  all  the  varieties  used  may  be  considered 
as  established  and  sufficient,  except  in  the  case  of  Lenoir  and  Tokay  x 
Rupestris,  and  perhaps  under  unfavorable  conditions  for  the  other 
vinifera  hybrids.  The  question  of  adaptation  to  various  soils  and 
climates  can  not  of  course  be  determined  in  a  single  location.  Light 
on  this  question  is  to  be  obtained  by  observations  in  many  localities. 
Most  of  the  stocks  used,  moreover,  have  been  proved  to  be  well  adapted 
to  a  wide  range  of  soil  conditions.  Certain  important  climatic  condi- 
tions, such  as  a  hot  and  completely  dry  summer,  are  common  to  all  the 
principal  grape-growing  regions  in  California. 

B.    EXPERIMENT    DATA 

I.  Suitability  for  Nursery  Purposes. 

(a)  Cost  of  cuttings :  Resistant  cuttings  must  be  grown  on  mother 
vines  planted  for  the  purpose.  Many  of  the  best  varieties  for  the 
purpose,  such  as  R.  St.  George,  A.  x  R.  No.  1,  A.  x  R.  No.  2,3306,  3309, 
and  420-A,  are  staminate  and  produce  no  fruit ;  others,  such  as  101-14 
and  41-B,  produce  small  worthless  fruit.  A  few,  such  as  1202  and 
Lenoir,  produce  fair  crops  of  small  grapes  which  may  have  some  value 
for  the  making  of  a  dark  red  grape  juice  or  syrup. 

The  amount  of  wood  suitable  for  grafting  that  a  variety  will  pro- 
duce is  therefore  the  main  factor  in  the  cost  of  the  stock. 

The  total  amount  of  wood  produced  by  a  vine  depends  partly  on 
the  variety,  but  principally  upon  the  soil,  climate,  and  cultural  care. 
The  proportion  of  this  wood  which  can  be  used  for  grafting  depends 
largely  on  the  nature  of  the  growth.  Some  varieties,  like  the  St. 
George,  tend  to  produce  a  large  amount  of  small  laterals  which  are  of 
little  use.  Others,  like  the  Rip.  Gloire,  produce  many  canes  with  ex- 
cessively long  joints,  which  are  unsuitable.  Good  cuttings  for  grafting 
should  be  from  one-third  to  half  an  inch  in  diameter,  moderately  short 
jointed,  and  thoroughly  mature.  The  best  are  grown  in  fairly  rich 
soil  in  the  warmer  regions,  in  situations  safe  from  early  autumn  frosts. 

The  following  table  gives  the  crop  of  cuttings  suitable  for  grafting 
produced  by  the  original  mother  vines  at  Davis. 


92  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

TABLE  I 

Yield  of  Cuttings  of  Various  Stocks 

Number  of  No.  1  cuttings  Weight  per  cutting 

per  vine  in  pounds 

1915  1916  1917  Mean     1915     1916    1917    Mean 


St.  George  56   48   74  59     .0574   .0645   .0664  .0628 

A.  x  E.  No.  1  52   44   51  49     .0621   .0622   .0609  .0617 

A.  x  R.  No.  9  38   26   36  33     .0625   .0624   .0587  .0612 

A.  x  R.  No.  2  33   34   33  33     .0612   .0556   .0633  .0600 

3306  (4)  7   16   10  11     .0437   .0353   .0431  .0407 

3309  (4)  8   17   14  13     .0385   .0417   .0358  .0383 

45  1722    

34  1125    

193  0638    

14  0572    

150  ....     0533    

48  0512    

53  0495    


Tok.  x  Rup.  (3) 

R.  Pisgah  (3)  

Champini  (1)  (3)  

1616  (3)  

Sol.  x  Othello  (1)  (2) 

1202  (3)  

420-A  (3)  

R.  Martin  (3)  .... 


.0476 


(1)  Vines  growing  in  rich  soil  in  creek  bottom. 

(2)  Vines  irrigated  during  summer  with  water  from  drain. 

(3)  Vines  young. 

(4)  Vines  near  cottonwood  trees  and  shaded. 

The  location  where  these  vines  were  grown  was  not  suitable  for  the 
best  results.  It  was  very  uneven  in  soil  and  contour  and  in  parts 
shaded  by  large  trees.  This  accounts  in  great  measure  for  the  extreme 
variations  in  yield  of  different  varieties.  It  may  account  also  to  some 
extent  for  some  of  the  variations  in  growth  of  grafts  in  the  nursery. 
The  cuttings  of  vines  grown  in  rich  bottom  soil  near  the  creek  with 
abundant  moisture  are  apt  to  be  overgrown  and  poorly  ripened.  Vines 
growing  where  the  neighboring  trees  limited  the  water  supply  are  apt 
to  produce  a  small  crop  of  cuttings. 

The  average  product  per  vine  is  about  50  number  1  bench-graft 
cuttings.  The  small  number,  yielded  by  3306  and  3309  is  due  to  the 
unfavorable  conditions  in  which  the  vines  are  growing.  The  extra- 
ordinary number  yielded  by  Champini  and  Sol.  x  Othello  is  due  to  rich 
soil  and  abundant  summer  irrigation. 

A  yield  of  50  cuttings  per  vine  represents  about  30,000  per  acre. 
If  these  were  sold  at  $5  per  thousand,  they  would  yield  a  gross  return 
of  $150  per  acre.  This  would  be  fairly  profitable  if  there  were  a 
market  for  the  cuttings.  The  cost  of  harvesting  and  preparing  number 
1  resistant  cuttings  should  not  exceed  $2  per  thousand  and  the  cost  of 
cultivating  mother  vines  would  be  less  than  that  of  bearing  vines. 

The  last  column  in  Table  I  gives  the  average  weight  of  a  15-inch 
cutting  in  pounds  and  indicates  both  the  thickness  and  the  specific 
gravity.  The  St.  George  is  the  heaviest  of  the  common  varieties, 
weighing  62.8  pounds  per  thousand.    The  Tokay  x  Rupestris  and  the 


Bulletin  331]  phylloxera-resistant  stocks  93 

Rupestris  Pisgah  are  remarkably  heavy,  weighing  172.2  pounds  and 
112.5  pounds  per  thousand,  respectively. 

Excessive  size  of  the  cuttings  is  not  a  necessary  proof  of  superior 
vigor  as  a  grafting  stock.  This  depends  as  much  on  the  vigor  of  the 
scion  and  the  completeness  of  the  union. 

(b)  Ease  of  grafting:  The  facility  with  which  the  mechanical 
operations  of  grafting  can  be  accomplished  depends  on  the  size  and 
straightness  of  the  cuttings,  the  length  of  internodes,  the  size  and 
abundance  of  buds  and  laterals,  the  size  of  the  pith,  the  firmness  of 
the  wood,  and  the  difficulty  of  disbudding. 

These  qualities  vary  with  the  variety  and  with  the  conditions  of 
climate,  soil,  pruning,  training,  and  cultivation  under  which  the  mother 
vines  are  grown.  Some  varieties,  like  the  Riparias  and  420-A,  tend 
to  grow  slender,  which  makes  it  difficult  to  obtain  cuttings  large  enough 
to  fit  the  stouter  vinifera  varieties.  Some,  like  St.  George,  tend  to 
grow  angled  or  curved  canes,  which  are  more  difficult  to  handle  in  the 
callusing  bed  and  the  nursery.  Some,  like  St.  George  and  Lenoir,  are 
short  jointed,  which  increases  the  cost  of  disbudding ;  others,  like  the 
Riparias,  are  very  long  jointed,  and,  as  it  is  desirable  to  have  at  least 
two  full  joints  on  the  stock,  this  makes  it  difficult  to  have  stocks  which 
are  not  too  long.  Some,  like  St.  George,  easily  develop  dormant  buds 
near  the  base  of  the  main  buds,  which  makes  it  necessary  to  cut  deep 
and  remove  the  buds  very  carefully  to  prevent  undue  suckering  of  the 
grafted  vines  in  the  nursery  and  the  vineyard.  This  difficulty  is  in- 
creased where  laterals  are  abundant,  as  with  St.  George.  Where  the 
pith  is  large  and  the  wood  soft,  as  with  Riparias,  it  is  difficult  to  make 
a  perfect  fit. 

All  these  tendencies  can  be  modified  and  improved  by  growing 
the  vines  in  suitable  climatic  conditions  and  by  using  appropriate 
cultural  methods. 

The  wood  is  firmer  and  the  pith  smaller  where  the  vines  are  grown 
in  the  warmer  regions  and  without  too  much  water.  The  straightness 
of  the  canes  can  be  improved  and  the  number  of  laterals  diminished 
by  growing  the  mother  vines  on  trellises  which  allow  the  canes  to  grow 
or  to  be  tied  up  more  or,  less  vertically.  The  size  of  the  canes  can  be 
increased  by  adopting  a, system  of  pruning  which  restricts  the  number 
of  canes  produced  by  a  vine  and  by  doing  as  little  summer  pruning 
as  possible,,  ,  919W  ^ilus^i  edi  3T69^  Im^ves  -sot  bogjj  u'>-,<j  b&d  \issiua 

(c);  Percentage  and  perfection  of  unions  :  The  cost  of  bench  grafts 
(^.epe.n^  ^ripcipaUy  on  the  per.ceint^e.of  ^UQcessful  unions,  their  value 
<gjrffep  ^)er|efiti'On,.0fi}t^  unions.     In  both  of  these  respects  there  are 


94  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

wide  differences  with  different  stocks  and  with  different  combinations 
of  stock  and  scion. 

Some  varieties  of  stock  are  difficult  to  bench  graft  owing  to  their 
slowness  in  forming  roots.  This  makes  it  almost  impossible  to  make 
bench  grafts  with  pure  Berlandieri  stocks.  Such  stocks  can  be  grafted 
successfully  only  after  rooting  either  in  the  nursery  or  in  the  field. 
Other  stocks  have  this  defect  in  a  smaller  degree,  for  example,  Lenoir 
and  the  Berlandieri  hybrids  420- A  and  41-B.  Where  other  conditions 
are  favorable,  however,  these  stocks  can  be  used  successfully  for  bench 
grafts,  though  their  cost  will  be  somewhat  higher  than  that  of  more 
easily  handled  stocks. 

The  success  of  a  bench  graft  depends  not  only  on  the  variety  of 
stock  but  on  that  of  the  scion  and  on  the  degree  of  ease  with  which  the 
combination  forms  a  union.  In  our  tests,  420-A  has  yielded  as  high 
as  60  per  cent  of  number  1  grafts  with  one  scion  and  failed  completely 
with  another.  Even  3309,  which  usually  yields  a  high  percentage,  has 
varied  under  the  same  conditions  from  88  per  cent  to  23  per  cent  with 
different  scion  varieties. 

The  condition  of  the  cuttings  is  also  of  great  importance.  If  the 
cuttings  either  of  stock  or  of  scion  are  defective,  the  results  will  be 
poor.  Cuttings  from  vines  weakened  by  disease  or  overbearing,  or 
immature  from  lack  of  heat  or  premature  autumn  frosts,  will  fail. 
Cuttings  which  have  been  injured  by  keeping  too  wet  are  equally  poor. 
There  is  much  less  danger  in  keeping  them  too  dry,  if  the  drying  is 
not  carried  too  far. 

Finally,  the  work  of  the  nurserymen  is  of  importance.  The  methods 
of  grafting,  callusing,  rooting,  and  cultivation,  and  the  skill  with 
which  they  are  applied  influence  the  number  of  successful  unions. 
The  soil  of  the  nursery  and  its  condition  are  also  important  factors. 

In  the  tests  made  in  these  experiments,  the  conditions  other  than 
those  of  variety  of  stock  and  scion  were  made  as  uniform  as  possible. 

Most  of  the  cuttings,  both  of  stock  and  scion,  were  grown  at  Davis, 
and  were  therefore  comparable.  Nearly  all  of  the  work  was  done  by 
the  same  skilled  grafter  and  the  same  nursery  was  used,  except  during 
the  last  year  (1917).  Comparisons  between  the  various  combinations 
during  the  same  year  are  therefore  fairly  just.  Comparisons  between 
different  combinations  in  different  years  are  less  reliable,  as  the  con- 
dition of  the  cuttings  varied  according  to  the  season,  and  after  the 
nursery  had  been  used  for  several  years  the  results  were  less  perfect. 

For  these  reasons  the  results  for  1910  are  the  most  useful  in  indi- 
cating the  value  of  the  various  stocks  from  the  point  of  view  of  nursery 
results.    If,  therefore,  we  take  the  results  in  1910  for  varieties  tested 


Bulletin  331] 


PHYLLOXERA-RESISTANT   STOCKS 


95 


that  year  and  make  an  allowance  for  unfavorable  conditons  in  the 
case  of  varieties  tested  only  in  1916  and  1917,  it  may  be  said  that  the 
results  with  all  varieties  were  excellent  with  the  exception  of  A.  x  R. 
No.  2,  41-B,  420-A,  and  Champini,  with  which  they  were  only  fair. 
Berl.  Ress.  No.  2  and  157-11  and  1616  were  complete  failures.  (See 
Table  II.) 

These  remarks  refer  only  to  the  average  results  with  all  scions. 
The  variations  with  different  scions  are  of  even  more  importance.  A 
stock  whose  average  results  are  good  may  give  very  poor  results  with 
a  certain  scion  variety  and  vice  versa.  For  this  reason  it  is  important 
to  know  which  stocks  have  given  the  best  results  with  each  scion  variety. 
This  information  is  given  in  Table  III. 


TABLE  II 

Percentage  of  No.  1  Booted  Grafts 


1910 


Scions  Max.  Min.  Mean 
15     88     23     56.6 


Stocks 

3309  

A.  x  E.  No.  1  5  78  15  49.0 

St.  George 19  80  42  62.3 

3306  18  70  22  46.5 

1202  16  78  23  53.6 

A.  x  E.  No.  9  2  65  45  55.0 


1916* 


1917 


Scions  Max.  Min.  Mean  Scions  Max.  Min.  Mean 


3 

25 

25 

5 

8 

18 


55 
54 
78 
44 
24 
61 


12 
4 
5 

23 

2 
0 


26.7 
29.3 
29.5 
30.5 
11.8 
33.1 


6 
11 
11 

8 

10 

3 


80 
80 
72 
80 
90 
45 


5 

21 
10 

20 

18 

0 


49.1 
53.9 
33.1 

48.6 
39.6 
23.3 


All 
years 
Mean 
44.1 
44.1 
41.6 
41.4 
37.3 
37.1 


420-A  18     60       0     25.6 

Lenoir  14     82       0     40.6 

41-B  17     65       5     32.0 


10  80  0  40.4  33.0 
9  90  22  52.9  46.8 
5     70     20     39.9       36.0 


Tok.  x  Eup 

106-8  

Eup.  Pisgah  .... 
A.  x  E.  No.  2 
Champini 

1616  

Eup.  Martin  .. 
Eip.  Gloire  .... 

101-14  

157-11  

Berl.  Ees.  No.  2 


3 

18 
5 
3 
3 


80  40  58.3 

95  23  54.5 

69  30  48.0 

10  0 

0  0 


3.3 

0 


7  57  19  39.2 

1  44.4 

4  45  21  32.0 


6  57 
11  20 


32.3 
10.8 


10  90  20  53.3 
1  .... 


36 

27 


10  30 


....  35.7 

27  31.3 

17  22.0 

9  17.2 


10       0       0 

46.3 
40.1 
31.7 
27.2 
14.0 

0 
58.3 
54.5 
48.0 

3.3 

0 


*  The  low  results  in  1916  were  due  partly  to  the  late  autumn  frosts  of  1915,  which  pre- 
vented the  proper  maturing  of  the  wood,  and  partly  to  the  fact  that  the  nursery  had  been  in 
constant  use  for  too  many  years. 

Table  II  gives  maximum,  minimum,  and  mean  percentages  of 
number  1  bench  grafts  obtained  from  each  stock  with  all  varieties  of 
scions  for  three  years. 

The  first  six  stocks  in  the  table  were  tested  each  year  with  a  consid- 
erable number  of  scions.  The  variations  for  each  of  these  stocks  with 
different  scions  are  large,  but  the  mean  percentages  for  each  stock  with 


96 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


all  varieties  (last  column)  do  not  vary  greatly.  This  indicates  that 
they  are  all  good  stocks,  from  the  nurseryman's  point  of  view,  but 
that  for  the  best  results  a  careful  choice  of  suitable  combinations  is 
necessary. 

The  data  for  the  remaining  stocks  are  less  complete,  but  they  indi- 
cate that  with  the  exception  of  the  pure  Berlandieri,  Ress.  No.  2,  the 
Berlandieri  hybrid  157-11,  and  probably  Champini,  good  nursery  re- 
turns may  be  obtained  from  all  of  them  with  suitable  scions. 

The  stocks  which  have  given  the  best  nursery  results  with  each  of 
the  scion  varieties  used  are  shown  in  Table  III. 


Palomino  St.  George 

Semillon  3309 

Ali.  Bouschet St.  George 

Lagrain  St.  George 

Gros  Mansenc  Eip.  gloire 

Petite  Sirah  1202 

St.  Macaire  Rip.  gloire 

Valdepefias _  3309 

Cornichon  St.  George 

Emperor  St.  George 

Malaga St.  George 

Tokay Eip.  gloire 

Black  Corinth  St.  George 

White  Corinth  3306 

Muscat  3309 

Sultana  A.  x  E.  No. 

Sultanina 3309 

Means 


TABLE  III 

5ST  Percentages  of 

No.  1  Eooted  Grafts 

Per  cent 

Per  cent 

Per  cent 

72 

1202 

65 

Eip.  gloire 

50 

75 

Lenoir 

60 

Eip.  gloire 

50 

75 

Lenoir 

75 

1202 

63 

70 

1202 

65 

3306 

62 

95 

Lenoir 

56 

St.  George 

50 

78 

3306 

70 

3309 

68 

77 

1202 

75 

3306 

70 

88 

Lenoir 

82 

Eip.  gloire 

75 

45 

A.  x  E.  No. 

9  45 

E.  Martin 

40 

65 

3309 

65 

Eip.  gloire 

65 

45 

3306 

40 

1202 

30 

55 

St.  George 

50 

3306 

42 

65 

Eip.  gloire 

61 

41-B 

48 

53 

St.  George 

50 

Eip.  gloire 

41 

70 

101-14 

70 

A.  x  E.  No.  9 

65 

1   78 

1202 

73 

St.  George 

70 

85 

E.  Martin 

80 

St.  George 

65 

79.4 

72.1 

63.6 

These  tables  indicate  that  the  safest  stocks  for  the  nurseryman 
without  special  knowledge  of  the  various  combinations  are  Rupestris 
St.  George,  Riparia  gloire,  1202,  and  3309,  with  3306  and  Lenoir 
following  closely.  For  special  combinations,  however,  excellent  results 
may  be  obtained  with  101-14,  A.  x  R.  No.  1,  A.  x  R.  No.  9,  and  41-B, 
and  even  with  stocks  which  do  not  appear  in  Table  III;  viz.,  420-A 
and  A.  x  R.  No.  2.  Any  of  these  varieties,  therefore,  may  be  available 
in  special  cases  and  should  be  considered  in  connection  with  their 
performance  in  the  vineyard,  as  shown  later. 

(d)  Development  in  the  nursery:  Tke  proportion  of  number  1 
unions  obtained  is  of  importance  to  the  nurseryman,  but  the  size  and 
vigor  of  the  grafted  vines  is  scarcely  less  so.  The  rating  in  this  respect 
of  the  various  stocks  is  shown  in  Table  IV. 

It  is  interesting  to  compare  these  ratings  of  vigor  in  the  nursery 
with  the  ratings  of  the  same  stocks  after  growing  and  bearing  for 


Bulletin  331] 


PHYLLOXERA-RESISTANT    STOCKS 


97 


several  years  in  the  vineyard,  as  shown  in  the  last  column.  Riparia 
gloire  and  St.  George  hold  the  last  place,  while  41-B  retains  the  first 
place  in  both  cases.  Lenoir  and  420-A  have  decreased  in  relative  vigor, 
while  A.  x  R.  No.  1  and  1202  have  increased. 

It  is  worthy  of  note  that  R.  St.  George  and  R.  Martin,  which  in 
Europe  are  noted  for  the  vigor  of  their  grafts  both  in  vineyard  and 
nursery,  have  almost  the  last  place  in  this  table ;  while  41-B  and  420-A, 
which  in  Europe  develop  slowly  at  first,  are  here  among  the  most 
vigorous. 

Whether  an  increase  in  vigor  in  the  vineyard  is  a  good  indication 
or  not  can  be  known  only  if  the  crop  the  vine  has  produced  is  also 
known.  Other  things  being  equal,  large  crops  are  followed  by  a  de- 
crease of  growth,  and  small  crops  by  an  increase.  This  point  will  be 
considered  later. 


TABLE  IV 

Vigor  of 

Various  Combinations 

(From 

Davis  Nursery, 

1917) 

Relative 

A 

i  vigor 

of  Scion 

'       In 

In     ' 

Stock 

varieties 

Nursery 

Vineyard 

41-B  

16 

90.8 

85 

3306  

15 

88.5 

77 

420-A  

15 

88.5 

76 

1202  

15 

86.5 

80 

Lenoir  

9 

83.3 

71 

3309  

12 

81.3 

76 

A.  x  E.  No. 

1  

5 

75.0 

76 

E.  gloire  ... 

15 

68.3 

65 

St.  George 

18 

65.3 

70 

E.  Martin  . 

4 

62.5 

72 

II.  Suitability  for  Vineyard  Purposes. 

However  successfully  the  grafted  vines  may  be  raised  in  the  nur- 
sery, they  are  of  no  value  unless  they  produce  the  results  desired  by 
the  grower  in  the  vineyard.  They  must  be  sufficiently  resistant  to 
the  attacks  of  the  Phylloxera ;  they  must  grow  well  under  the  climatic 
and  soil  conditions  of  the  particular  vineyard ;  the  unions  must  be 
durable  and  the  vines  relatively  long-lived,  and,  finally,  they  must 
produce  crops  which  are  satisfactory  both  in  quantity  and  quality. 

The  questions  of  resistance  to  Phylloxera  and  of  adaptation  to 
various  climatic  and  soil  conditions  did  not  come  within  the  scope  of 
these  investigations  for  reasons  already  given.  The  principal  points 
studied  were  the  quantity  and  quality  of  the  crop  and  the  perfection 
and  permanence  of  the  unions. 


98  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT    STATION 

(a)  Character  of  the  unions:  In  order  that  a  grafted  vineyard 
shall  give  satisfactory  results,  a  fundamental  requirement  is  that  the 
stock  and  scion  shall  make  a  good  union.  If  the  union  is  imperfect, 
the  vines  will  be  short-lived  and  subject  to  disease,  and  the  crop  will 
be  defective  in  quantity  and  quality.  Though  a  grafted  vine  is  seldom 
as  vigorous  as  a  vine  on  its  own  roots,  the  crops  are  usually  larger  and 
of  better  quality  when  the  union  is  good.  They  cannot  be  expected 
to  live  to  the  great  age  which  ordinary  vines  sometimes  attain  and 
more  of  them  will  die  of  accidental  injuries ;  but  where  the  conditions 
are  suitable  and  the  unions  good  they  will  bear  profitable  crops  for 
20  or  more  years.  On  the  other  hand,  the  crops  may  be  larger,  the 
grapes  sweeter,  more  highly  colored,  and  earlier  in  ripening. 

The  character  of  the  union  depends  on  many  conditions.  The  most 
fundamental  is  what  is  known  as  the  affinity  between  the  stock  and  the 
scion,  that  is,  the  durability  of  the  union  and  the  ease  with  which  their 
respective  tissues  unite  and  with  which  the  food  streams  pass  from 
one  to  the  other.  This  affinity  need  not  be  perfect.  Indeed,  the  in- 
creased bearing,  higher  quality  of  the  fruit,  earlier  ripening,  and  other 
advantages  of  many  grafted  vines  are  probably  due  to  a  moderate 
imperfection  of  affinity.  The  affinity,  however,  must  be  sufficient  to 
make  the  vines  reasonably  vigorous. 

Other  imperfections  of  the  union  may  result  from  unskillful  graft- 
ing. Defective  work  may  result  in  a  failure  of  stock  and  scion  to 
unite  all  around,  which  renders  the  graft  liable  to  attack  at  the  union 
by  insects  and  decay  organisms.  Such  grafts  are  liable  to  break  off 
or  die  early,  especially  if  the  affinity  is  defective.  Imperfect  affinity 
may  be  counteracted  to  some  extent  by  skillful  grafting  and  excellent 
affinity  may  overcome  to  some  extent  the  defects  of  unskillful  grafting. 

Suitable  soil,  water,  and  climate  and  proper  cultivation  and  prun- 
ing also  have  great  influence  in  overcoming  defects  of  affinity  or  of 
imperfect  grafting. 

It  was  attempted  in  these  investigations  to  equalize  the  grafting 
and  environmental  conditions,  which  are  variable,  in  order  to  study 
the  differences  in  affinity,  which  are  constant  because  inherent. 

Without  inquiring  into  the  exact  nature  and  causes  of  affinity,  we 
may  define  it  as  the  power  which  stock  and  scion  have  of  joining  to- 
gether and  nourishing  each  other  by  exchange  of  food  material.  Its 
degree  may  be  measured  directly  by  the  permanence  of  the  union  and 
by  the  vigor  of  the  graft  as  compared  to  that  of  the  stock  or  scion 
varieties  ungrafted ;  and,  inversely,  by  the  size  of  the  swelling  which 
always  occurs  at  the  union,  and  by  the  difference  of  diameter  of  stem 
above  and  below  the  union. 


Bulletin  331] 


PHYLLOXERA-RESISTANT    STOCKS 


99 


All  these  measures,  especially  the  first  two,  are  influenced  more  or 
less  by  the  environmental  conditions,  especially  by  the  degree  of  per- 
fection of  the  grafting.  The  size  of  the  swelling  and  especially  the 
differences  of  diameter  are  less  influenced,  and  are  therefore  the  best 
measures  of  affinity. 

Figure  1  shows  a  section  through  the  union  of  a  five-year-old  graft 
of  Tokay  on  Rupestris  St.  George.  The  excellent  affinity  between 
these  varieties  is  shown  by  the  moderate  size  of  the  enlargement  at  the 
union,  which  is  no  greater  than  normally  occurs  at  the  surface  of  the 


Fig.  1. — Defective  vineyard  graft  of  Tokay  on  Eupestris  St.  George;   died 
when  five  years  old. 


ground  on  ungrafted  vines.  The  nearness  to  equality  of  diameter  of 
stock  and  scion  is  also  a  sign  of  close  affinity.  Neither  of  these  measures 
of  affinity  has  been  changed  much,  if  at  all,  by  the  imperfection  of  the 
graft  which,  as  can  be  seen,  was  united  on  only  one  side.  On  the  other 
hand,  this  imperfection  resulted  in  the  death  of  the  vine  at  five  years, 
probably  by  the  work  of  decay  organisms  which  obtained  entrance  at 
the  unhealed  grafting  wound. 

Figure  2  shows  sections  through  the  unions  of  three  imperfect 
bench  grafts  just  dug  from  the  nursery.  Although  with  care  these 
bench  grafts  might  develop  into  good  vines,  they  run  the  risk  of  the 
fate  of  the  vine  shown  in  Fig.  1.    The  vine  on  the  left  (A)  has  united 


100  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


Fig.  2. — Defective  bench  grafts:   A,   Sultanina  rose  on  A.  x  R.  No.   1;   B. 
Madeleine  Angevine  on  3306;  C,  Due  de  Magenta  on  1202. 


BULLETIN  331]  PHYLLOXERA-RESISTANT    STOCKS 


101 


Fig.  3. — Good  bench  grafts:    A,  Madeleine  Angevine   on   1202;    B,  Madeleine 
Angevine  on  A  x  E  No.  1;  C,  Sultanina  rose  on  Lenoir. 


102  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


Fig.  4. — Unions  with  various  stocks.     Dattier  de  Beirut,  six  years  old,  from 
bench  grafts. 


Fig.  5. — Sections  of  unions  shown  in  Fig.  4. 


Bulletin  331]  phylloxera-resistant  stocks  103 

only  in  one  small  place  and  the  scion  has  made  a  very  small  growth. 
The  defect  may  be  due  to  lack  of  affinity,  but  is  just  as  likely  to  be  due 
to  defective  grafting,  or  to  unfavorable  conditions  in  the  nursery. 
Vine  B  has  made  a  good  growth  and  a  small  enlargement,  which  indi- 
cate an  excellent  degree  of  affinity.  The  graft,  however,  is  defective 
because  the  stock  is  dead  on  one  side,  as  shown  by  its  dark  color.  Vine 
C2  shows  fair  growth  but  a  large  swelling.  The  growth  indicates  a 
sufficient  degree  of  affinity.  The  cause  of  the  large  swelling  may  be, 
in  part  at  least,  a  defective  union. 

Figure  3  shows  three  excellent  Number  1  bench  grafts,  though  the 
swelling  at  the  union  of  C  is  rather  large.  The  affinity,  so  far  as  can 
be  seen  at  this  early  stage,  is  good  in  all  three  instances. 

Figure  4  shows  four  six-year-old  Dattier  vines  bench  grafted  on 
four  different  stocks,  compared  with  a  seven-year-old  ungrafted  vine 
of  the  same  variety.  All  these  vines  were  vigorous  and  healthy  when 
dug  up.  Judging  by  the  size  of  the  swelling  and  the  ratio  of  the 
diameters  of  stock  and  scion,  420-A  and  41-B  show  the  most  affinity 
with  Dattier.  The  union  enlargement  of  41-B  is  almost  the  same  as 
the  normal  enlargement  of  the  ungrafted  vine.  That  of  420-A  is  a 
little  larger  but  the  ratio  of  diameters  of  stock  and  scion  shows  little 
difference  from  the  diameters  of  corresponding  regions  of  the  un- 
grafted vine.  The  other  two  stocks,  especially  333  E.  M.,  appear 
defective  in  these  respects. 

Dattier  (Figs.  4,  5)  Ungrafted*        420-A  41-B  106-8         333  E.  M. 

Above  swelling 100  100  100  100  100 

Swelling  116  129  115  120  169 

Below  swelling 95  93  85  67  54 

*  The  ungrafted  vine  was  seven  years  old — one  year  older  than  the  grafted. 

The  measurements  are  in  per  cent  of  scion  diameter.  The  transverse  white 
and  dotted  lines  show  limits  of  stock  and  scion. 

Figure  5  shows  sections  through  the  same  vines  and  indicates  the 
perfection  of  the  unions.  The  dark  areas  in  the  middle  of  each  section 
show  the  original  scion  and  stock  cuttings.  This  is  especially  clear  in 
the  center  vine,  41-B. 

Muscat  (Figs.  6,  7)                                Ungrafted*         41-B         333  E.  M.        420-A  106-8 

Above  swelling  100             100             100             100  100 

Swelling  132             111             133             106  135 

Below  swelling  76               79               67               59  40 

*  The  ungrafted  vine  was  seven  years  old — one  year  older  than  the  grafted. 
The  measurements  are  in  per  cent  of  scion  diameter. 

2  This  figure  shows  the  vine  upside  down. 


104  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


Fig.  6. — Unions  with  various  stocks.     Muscat  of  Alexandria,  six  years  old. 


fjfl|    J 

wW                WM      * 

I^R 

K^^ 

1   m    1 

ml       ,  ,-vy*7aM 

-1      fl 

1  wj 

B  .!«    ■ 

H 

[             v 

Br  ;>A      m 

%!.^^-:-J 

m     '  '  ^     m 

|    |      1 

m   V  ^  1 

B        ■  ( 

1     -I 

1  *f  J 

IP 

M 

m.-^^.---j 

^    NVi      M-' 

Uj 

IL 

w  ''*'yjP 

■  J^^m\ 

^A/--;^:* 

Fig.  7. — Sections  of  unions  shown  in  Fig.  6. 


Bulletin  331] 


PHYLLOXERA-RESISTANT    STOCKS 


105 


Figures  6  and  7  show  a  similar  comparison  of  bench  grafted  raisin 
Muscats  (Muscat  of  Alexandria).  The  remarkable  thing  about  these 
vines  is  that  the  union  enlargement  is  no  larger  than  the  normal 
enlargement  with  two  stocks,  333  E.  M.  and  106-8,  and  considerably 
smaller  with  two  others,  41-B  and  420-A.  The  difference  of  diameter 
of  stock  and  scion  is  great  only  with  106-8  while  with  41-B  it  is  even 


Fig.  8. — Unions  with  various  stocks, 
ured,  and  photographed  May,  1918.) 


Muscat  seven  years  old.     (Dug,  meas- 


less  than  with  the  ungrafted  vine.  This  last  stock  therefore  is  very 
promising  for  use  with  the  Muscat,  which  is  one  of  the  most  difficult 
to  suit  in  this  respect. 

The  vines  shown  in  Fig.  8  are  Muscat  grafted  on  various  stocks. 
They  were  dug  up  and  photographed  in  May,  1918,  the  seventh  spring 
after  they  were  planted.  The  unions  are  all  excellent  but  show  vary- 
ing degrees  of  inequality  between  diameters  of  stock  and  scion  and 
various  developments  of  the  graft  enlargement.  These  enlargements 
are  all  greater  than  those  of  the  Muscats  shown  in  Fig.  6.     It  is 


106 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


probable  that  the  size  of  the  enlargements  is  influenced  by  the  number 
of  suckers  which  grow  near  the  union  and  by  the  time  and  manner  of 
removal  of  these  suckers.  For  this  reason  the  size  of  the  enlargement 
in  old  vines  is  of  less  importance  than  the  difference  between  the  size 
of  stock  and  scion  in  determining  the  suitability  of  a  combination. 


Stock  (Fig.  8) 

Lenoir   

A.  x  R.  No.  1  ... 

420-A  

A.  x  E.  No.  9  ... 

41-B   

R.  Martin  

3309   

101-14   

1202   

157-11   

St.   George 

3306   

Means 


c 

ircumference 

A 

in  cm. 

Ratios,  Scion  —  100 

1 

Union:         Stock: 

Stock 

Union 

Scion 

Scion           Scion 

13.7 

28.0 

15.9 

176             86 

12.5 

26.9 

15.7 

171             80 

12.0 

32.2 

15.8 

204             76 

11.9 

24.9 

17.2 

145             69 

11.7 

29.0 

15.1 

192             78 

11.6 

30.2 

17.9 

168             65 

11.2 

28.7 

16.9 

170              66 

10.8 

28.4 

16.8 

169             64 

9.5 

22.7 

12.4 

181              77 

9.0 

26.7 

17.3 

154             52 

8.6 

21.2 

11.4 

186             75 

7.9 

25.1 

14.6 

172             54 

10.8 

27.0 

15.5 

172.3          70.1 

Judging  by  the  size  of  the  stock  and  the  stock  scion  ratio,  Lenoir 
and  A.  x  R.  No.  1  seem  the  best  stocks  for  Muscat,  These  are  the 
stocks  which  are  most  used  for  Muscat  in  South  Africa.  Lenoir  should 
be  excluded,  however,  on  account  of  its  inferior  resistance  to  Phyl- 
loxera. The  six  stocks  in  the  first  row  are  all  good  in  both  respects. 
The  last  four  in  the  second  row  show  a  poor  growth  of  stock,  and 
157-11  and  3306  a  great  overgrowth  of  the  scion.  St.  George  and  1202, 
two  of  the  most  vigorous  stocks  when  ungrafted,  have  produced  the 
smallest  scion  growth,  and,  with  the  exception  of  3306,  the  smallest 
stock  growth.  The  sufficiency  of  the  affinity  of  these  four  for  Muscat 
is  therefore  doubtful. 

The  photographs  and  measurements  of  the  vines  shown  in  Figs. 
8,  9,  and  10  are  only  single  instances  of  each  combination  and  as 
individual  grafted  vines  differ  as  do  ungrafted  vines,  averages  of  a 
number  of  grafted  vines  of  each  combination  are  a  better  basis  for 
judgment.     Such  averages  will  be  given  later. 


Stock  (Fig.  9)  Stock 

1202   15.0 

A.  x  R.  No.  1 15.0 

420-A  14.6 

3306   14.2 

Lenoir   14.0 

R.  Martin  13.3 

101-14   12.5 

R.  gloire  9.7 

St.  George  9.5 

Means   13.08 


Ratios,  Scion  =  100 

terence  in  cm. 

Union:         Stock: 

Union 

Scion 

Scion           Scion 

24.7 

22.3 

111             67 

35.0 

28.0 

125             54 

25.9 

19.0 

136             77 

28.4 

24.0 

117              64 

31.5 

20.8 

151              67 

22.0 

16.0 

138             83 

27.3 

18.3 

149             68 

20.5 

15.0 

137             65 

15.2 

13.5 

113             70 

25.6 

19.6 

130.7          68.3 

Bulletin  331] 


PHYLLOXERA-RESISTANT    STOCKS 


107 


The  vines  shown  in  Figure  9  are  Sultanina  grafted  on  various 
stocks.  Judging  by  the  size  of  the  stock  they  are  all  good  for  this 
scion  except  R.  gloire  and  St.  George.  A.  x  R.  No.  1  shows  a  very 
large  growth  of  scion  without  a  correspondingly  large  growth  of  stock. 


Fig.   9. — Unions  with   various   stocks.     Sultanina,   seven   years   old.      (Dug, 
measured  and  photographed  May,  1918.) 


The  ratings  of  Cornichon  shown  in  Fig.  10  are  all  good  and  it 
would  be  hard  to  choose  among  the  first  five. 

All  the  grafted  vines  at  Davis  were  measured  in  1914  after  they 
had  grown  four  years  in  the  vineyard.  Table  V  shows  the  stock  scion 
ratios  calculated  from  these  measurements. 


108 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


The  ratios  for  all  the  stocks  which  are  not  starred  are  the  results 
of  actual  measurement  of  five  to  fifteen  vines  of  each  combination  and 
the  mean  ratio  for  each  stock  and  for  each  scion  is  based  on  measure- 
ments of  grafts  with  the  same  seven  scion  or  stock  varieties.     Some 


Fig.  10. — Unions  with  various  stocks, 
measured,  and  photographed  May,  1918.) 


Cornichon,   seven  years  old.      (Dug, 


Circumference  in  cm. 

Stock   (Fig.  10)  Stock  Union  Scion 

A.  x  E.  No.  1 21.7  34.1  22.9 

41-B  18.2  26.4  21.7 

A.  x  K.  No.  9 17.0  26.5  21.4 

1202   17.0  23.6  17.8 

St.  George   16.9  25.0  18.7 

E.  Martin  16.8  25.9  21.7 

3309   15.7  25.6  20.0 

Tok.  x  Eup 15.3  26.4  20.9 

3306   14.5  24.6  22.0 

101-14   13.6  25.9  19.5 

E.  gloire  12.1  21.5  16.1 

Means   16.2  25.8  20.2 


Ratios,  Scion  —  100 
Union:  Stock: 
Scion  Scion 


149 
122 
124 
133 
134 
119 
128 
126 
112 
133 
134 
128.5 


95 

83 
79 
96 
90 
77 
79 
73 
66 
69 
75 
80.1 


BULLETIN  331]  PHYLLOXERA-RESISTANT    STOCKS  109 

stocks  were  not  grafted  with  all  of  these  scions  and  the  mean  ratio 
given  is  the  result  of  a  calculated  correction  for  this  fact.  The  figures 
must  not  be  taken  as  absolute,  therefore,  but  only  as  showing  in  a 
general  way  the  tendency  of  each  stock  and  each  scion.  All  they  show 
is  that,  as  a  general  rule,  the  varieties  either  of  stock  or  scion  near 
the  top  of  the  table  usually  show  a  small  difference  between  stock 
and  scion  diameters,  and  those  near  the  bottom  usually  show  a  large 
difference.  They  are  useful  in  choosing  a  stock  for  general  use  or 
for  scion  varieties  whose  preferences  are  not  known.  Ratios  for  each 
variety  for  each  stock  will  be  given  later  so  far  as  observations  have 
been  made. 

TABLE  V 
Average  Stock:  Scion  Eatio  of  Each  Stock  and  Scion 

Each  Stock  with  All  Scions  Each  Scion  with  All  Stocks 

Stock  Number  of       Ratio  Scion  Number  of       Ratio 

Scions  Stocks 

1202    15  96.3  St.  Macaire 7  97.4 

*Lenoir 8  95.1  *Corinth,   Black  3  94.4 

*E.  Martin  3  94.0  Sultana    8  94.3 

St.  George  17  92.2  Gros  Mansenc  7  93.9 

41-B    14  90.8  Lagrain    8  92.9 

420-A   14  89.9  Sirah    7  91.5 

*101-14    4  86.7  Oornichon    8  90.4 

*A.  x  E.  No.  9 2  83.2  Tokay  7  89.3 

Eip.   Gloire  16  82.0  *  Corinth,  White  2  88.3 

3309    14  80.7  Emperor     8  88.1 

3306    16  77.8  Palomino    7  86.2 

*A.  x  E.  No.  1 5  76.4  Muscat  8  85.3 

*157-11    1  62.1  Valdepefias    8  85.1 

*Semillon  6  83.5 

Malaga     8  82.4 

Beba  7  80.2 

Sultanina  7  74.1 

*  Eatio  calculated.  *Bouschet,   Ali  6  73.8 

(6)  Vigor  of  the  bearing  vines:  The  grafted  vines  at  Davis  were 
carefully  examined  when  they  were  five  years  old.  Notes  were  taken 
on  their  apparent  vigor,  the  length  and  thickness  of  canes,  and  their 
general  appearance  of  thrift  and  health.  None  of  these  characters  are 
capable  of  an  exact  numerical  evaluation,  and  therefore,  the  following 
scale  of  grades  based  on  examination  was  used : 


Very  poor 

=  1 

Poor 

=  2 

Medium 

=  3 

Good 

=  4 

Very  good 

=  5 

Exceptionally 

good 

=  6 

A  summary  of  the  results  for  each  stock,  reduced  to  a  scale  of  100= 
exceptionally  good,  is  given  in  Table  VI.     This  table  is  based  on 


110  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

observations  of  only  one  year  and  with  a  few  stocks  of  only  one  or 
two  grafting  combinations.  For  the  cases  where  the  stock  has  been 
grafted  with  a  considerable  number  of  scions  it  is  of  considerable 
value. 

It  is  instructive  to  compare  these  results  with  the  notes  on  vigor 
in  the  nursery  (see  page  97).  In  both  cases,  41-B  holds  the  first  rank 
and  St.  George  almost  the  last  rank.  In  the  nursery,  1202  was  vigor- 
ous and  increased  in  relative  vigor  in  the  vineyard.  R.  Martin,  which 
was  weak  in  the  nursery,  was  somewhat  more  vigorous  in  the  vineyard. 
Lenoir,  which  was  fairly  vigorous  in  the  nursery,  was  among  the 
weakest  in  the  vineyard.  Riparia  gloire  showed  weakness  in  the  nurs- 
ery and  was  still  worse  in  the  vineyard.  The  rank  of  the  other  stocks 
was  about  the  same  in  nursery  and  vineyard,  3306,  420-A,  being 
vigorous,  and  3309  and  A.  x  R.  No.  1  of  fair  vigor  in  both. 

These  remarks  refer  only  to  averages.  As  will  be  seen  later,  there 
are  important  exceptions.  Some  stocks  which  give  vigorous  vines  with 
most  scions  give  poor  growth  with  others,  and  vice  versa. 

TABLE  VI 

Eelative  Vigor  or  Grafts  on  Various  Stocks 

Stock  Number  of  scion  varieties  Relative  vigor 

41-B    13  85 

1202    14  80 

3306    15  77 

420-A    15  76 

3309    13  76 

A.  x  E.  No.  1 6  76      . 

Lenoir    9  71 

St.  George  15  70 

E.   gloire   14  65 

333  E.  M 1  83 

E.  Martin  4  72 

93-5    1  72 

A.  x  E.  No.  9 2  71 

101-14    4  68 

157-11    1  68 

(c)  Durability  of  the  vines:  In  all  vineyards,  whether  grafted  or 
not,  vines  die  occasionally.  The  causes  of  death  are  varied.  Some 
receive  severe  injuries  in  cultivation,  some  become  infected  by  wood- 
destroying  fungi  obtaining  entrance  through  wounds,  and  some  are 
killed  by  frost,  over-bearing,  drought,  or  the  combined  effect  of  several 
minor  weakening  causes.  Leaving  out  of  consideration  serious  dis- 
eases and  pests  which  may  destroy  many  or  all  the  vines,  there  are 
always  present  numerous  unfavorable  or  injurious  conditions  which 
will  result  in  the  destruction  of  a  smaller  or  larger  number  of  the  vines 
in  any  vineyard.    How  large  a  percentage  of  the  vines  will  die  each 


Bulletin  331]  phylloxera-resistant  stocks  111 

year  on  the  average  depends  on  the  natural  vigor  of  the  vines,  on  the 
more  or  less  favorable  environmental  conditions,  and  on  the  care  and 
skill  of  the  grower.  Under  the  most  favorable  circumstances,  the 
number  of  vines  which  die  in  a  grafted  vineyard  will  be  equal  to  the 
number  which  die  in  an  ungrafted  one  and  usually  it  will  be  greater. 

The  number  which  die  the  year  of  planting  varies  greatly  accord- 
ing to  the  quality  of  the  vines  planted  and  to  the  care  used  in  planting 
and  cultivating  them,  and  is  not  a  good  criterion  of  the  permanence 
of  the  vines  when  they  are  once  well  established. 

A  "stand"  of  anything  over  90  per  cent  at  the  end  of  the  first 
year  may  be  considered  good  in  any  vineyard.  In  a  demonstration 
vineyard  of  40  acres  at  Kearney,  a  stand  of  96  per  cent  was  obtained 
the  first  year  with  ungrafted  Muscats  and  93.1  per  cent  with  ungrafted 
Sultanina.  With  Sultanina  grafted  on  various  stocks  an  average  stand 
of  90.8  per  cent  was  obtained  in  the  same  vineyard.  The  variations 
of  stand  with  various  stocks  is  shown  in  Table  VII. 

TABLE  VII 

Stand  of  Grafted  Sultanina 

(Kearney  Demonstration  Vineyard) 

Stock  Vines  planted  1918       Vines  growing  1919  Stand,  per  cent 

E.  Pisgah  33  33  100.0 

Lenoir  57  58  98.2 

Tok.  x  Eup 85  81  95.3 

3306  670  629  93.9 

3309  1,132  1,062  93.8 

1202  56  51  91.1 

A.  x  E.  No.  9 78  70  89.7 

St.  George  58  50  86.2 

420-A  200  168  84.0 

A.  x  E.  No.  2 85  68  80.0 

Champini  18  14  77.8 

41-B  114  81  71.0 

A.  x  E.  No.  1 99  66  66.7 

Totals  and  Mean 2,685  2,429  90.8 

Ungrafted    5,799  5,399  93.1 

The  stand  of  all  the  first  seven  stocks  is  good  to  excellent,  averag- 
ing 97  per  cent,  which  is  better  than  that  of  the  ungrafted  vines.  The 
stand  of  the  last  five  stocks  is  only  fair. 

Stands  of  Sultanina,  Muscat,  Black  Corinth,  and  Ohanez  in  the 
Experiment  Vineyard  at  Kearney  are  shown  in  Table  VIII. 

A  high  stand  of  St.  George  is  shown  with  all  the  varieties  shown 
in  Table  VIII.  With  Sultanina,  3309  is  also  good;  with  Muscat,  3309, 
93-5,  and  Tokay  x  Rupestris ;  with  Black  Corinth,  3306 ;  and  with 
Ohanez,  3309.    Too  much  weight  should  not  be  given  to  poorer  results 


112  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


of  some  of  the  combinations  shown  because  they  are  special  instances 
and  may  represent  defective  cuttings  used  in  grafting,  or  defective 
work  or  bad  conditions  in  the  vineyard.  The  durability  of  the  vines 
after  the  first  year  is  of  more  importance  and  will  be  discussed  later. 
The  durability  of  grafted  vines  is  influenced  both  by  the  stock  and 
the  scion.     Certain  scions  varieties  like  the  Muscat  and  the  Alicante 


TABLE  VIII 

Stand  of 

Grafted  Vines 

(Kearney  Experiment  Vineyard) 

Vines  planted          Vines  growing 

Stand, 

Scion 

Stock 

1916 

1917 

per  cent 

Sultanina 

St.  George 

24 

21 

87.5 

Sultanina 

3309 

28 

23 

82.2 

Sultanina 

3306 

24 

14 

58.3 

Sultanina 

420-A 

6 

2 

33.3 

Muscat 

St.  George 

118 

115 

97.5 

Muscat 

3309 

166 

159 

95.8 

Muscat 

93-5 

24 

22 

91.7 

Muscat 

Tok.  x  Eup. 

10 

9 

90.0 

Muscat 

101-14 

.... 

3 

Muscat 

A.  x  E.  No.  1 

17 

13 

77.6 

Muscat 

333  E.  M. 

22 

Muscat 

A.  x  E.  No.  2 

12 

8 

66J 

Muscat 

106-8 



6 

Muscat 

A.  x  E.  No.  9 

22 

11 

50.0 

Muscat 

420-A 



33 

Black  Corinth 

3306 

24 

23 

9578 

Black  Corinth 

St.  George 

77 

73 

94.8 

Black  Corinth 

A.  x  E.  No.  1 

91 

75 

82.4 

Black  Corinth 

3309 

12 

8 

66.7 

Ohanez 

St.  George 

24 

24 

100.0 

Ohanez 

3309 

24 

21 

87.5 

Totals  ar 

Ld  Means 

703 

621 

88.3 

Bouschet  tend  to  be  short-lived  on  most  stocks,  while  others  like  the 
Palomino  tend  to  be  durable  on  most.  The  same  differences  exist 
between  stocks.  In  Tables  IX,  X,  and  XI  the  durability  of  the  grafted 
vines  is  indicated  in  the  column  headed  "Death  rate."  The  death 
rate  represents  the  mean  percentage  of  vines  dying  each  year  after 
the  first.  It  is  calculated  on  six  years  in  the  first  two  tables  and  on 
five  years  in  Table  XI. 

Table  IX  shows  the  percentage  of  living  vines  growing  in  vineyard 
Number  1  at  Davis  in  1912  and  in  1917.  These  vines  were  planted  in 
1911  so  that  the  percentage  growing  in  1912  represents  the  "stand" 
and  that  growing  in  1917  the  "durability."  A  loss  of  over  2  per  cent 
after  the  first  year  is  considered  excessive.  Of  all  the  stocks  grafted 
with  10  or  more  scion  varieties,  only  Rip.  x  Rup.  3309  and  420-A  and 


Bulletin  331] 


PHYLLOXERA-RESISTANT    STOCKS 


113 


41-B  keep  within  the  limit  of  2  per  cent.  These  figures,  however,  are 
based  on  all  combinations.  With  some  combinations  the  loss  was  less 
than  2  per  cent,  with  others  more.  By  a  careful  adaptation  of  stock 
to  scion  a  combination  can  usually  be  found  where  the  loss  will  not 
be  excessive. 

With  some  scion  varieties  this  is  more  easily  accomplished  than 
with  others,  as  can  be  seen  by  reference  to  the  second  part  of  Table  IX, 
where  the  scion  varieties  are  compared.    With  the  first  9  varieties  the 


TABLE  IX 

Durability  of  Grafted  Vines 

Davis  Experiment  Vineyard  (Summaries) 

Number  of  Per  cent  growing 

vines  planted,         Number  of  1912 

1911  varieties  (standt)  1917 

Stocks  compared:  Scions 

3309   183  14  81.4  72.1 

420-A  137  15  95.6  83.9 

41-B   181  16  83.4  71.3 

3306   210  17  85.2  70.5 

Riparia  Gloire  230  16  77.0  62.2 

St.  George 288  21  75.7  60.4 

A.  x  E.  No.  1 94  6  91.5  72.3 

1202   206  16            .       91.8  69.1 

Lenoir   124  10  87.1  63.7 

157-11   2  1  100.0  100.0 

101-14  53  4  90.6  90.6 

R.  Martin  34  4  85.3  82.4 

93-5   36  1  91.7  80.6 

A.  x  R.  No.  9 43  3  100.0  67.4 

333  E.  M 12  1  91.7  50.0 

Scions  compared:  Stocks 

Sultanina    87  9  94.2  94.2 

Lagrain  94  8  74.5  71.3 

Palomino     77  7  88.3  84.4 

Sultana   96  8  94.8  90.6 

St.   Macaire  118  7  60.2  56.8 

Petite  Sirah  96  8  96.9  90.6 

Emperor    66  9  89.4  81.8 

Malaga    74  8  95.9  86.5 

Gros  Mansenc 106  8  54.7  48.1 

Semillon    88  7  82.9  69.3 

Dattier    108  5  92.6  76.8 

Cornichon  55  10  94.5  78.0 

Muscat 153  12  93.5  74.5 

Valdepefias  168  8  76.8  58.9 

Alicante   Bouschet..       110  7  89.0  54.5 

Beba    70  6  97.1  58.8 

Tokay    96  8  95.8  55.2 

Pierce    11  1  100.0  100.0 

Black  Corinth  47  3  91.5  87.2 

White  Corinth  24  2  87.5        '  79.2 

Flame  Muscat  24  1  54.2  45.8 

Alicante  Ganzin  ....           5  1  80.0  40.0 

*  Death  rate  -=z  the  mean  percentage  of  vines  dying  each  year  after  the  first. 
f  Stand  =  the  percentage  of  vines  living  at  the  end  of  the  first  year. 


Death  rate,* 

loss  per  cent 

per  year 


1.9 
2.0 
2.4 
2.9 
3.2 
3.4 
3.5 
4.1 
4.5 
0.0 
0.0 
0.6 
2.0 
5.4 
7.6 


0.0 
0.7 
0.7 
0.7 
0.9 
1.1 
1.4 
1.7 
2.0 
2.7 
2.8 
2.9 
3.4 
3.9 
6.4 
6.6 
7.1 
0.0 
0.8 
1.6 
2.6 
8.3 


114  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

average  loss  with  all  stocks  does  not  exceed  2  per  cent  annually,  while 
with  the  13th  to  the  17th  it  exceeds  3  per  cent,  rising  to  over  7  per  cent 
in  the  case  of  Tokay. 

In  Table  X,  page  131,  the  record  is  shown  of  each  scion  variety 
with  each  stock  on  which  it  was  grafted  at  Davis  and  in  Table  XI, 
page  135,  the  same  data  for  Kearney. 

(d)  Quantity  of  crop:  The  amount  of  grapes  produced  by  a  vine 
depends  on  a  large  number  of  factors — soil,  climate,  method  of  prun- 
ing, etc., — of  which  the  relation  of  stock  and  scion  is  but  one. 

To  determine  the  effect  of  this  factor  we  must  separate  it  in  some 
way  from  the  effects  of  all  others.  We  have  attempted  to  do  this  by 
growing  the  grafted  vines  which  we  wish  to  compare  in  a  piece  of 
apparently  uniform  soil  and  by  treating  them  with  identical  methods. 
With  all  possible  care,  in  this  way  differences  due  to  the  factors  we 
wish  to  eliminate  are  lessened  but  cannot  be  removed  entirely. 

The  reason  of  this  is  that  we  cannot  be  sure  that  the  particular  soil 
where  one  vine  is  growing  is  exactly  like  the  particular  soil  where 
another  is  growing,  nor  that  the  treatment  received  by  one  vine  is 
exactly  the  same  as  the  treatment  received  by  another. 

We  cannot  therefore  base  an  opinion  on  single  crops  of  single  vines. 
We  may  assume,  however,  that  if  we  have  taken  all  practicable  care 
to  equalize  conditions,  the  unavoidable  inequalities  will  be  distributed 
sporadically  through  time  and  space.  We  may  therefore  give  consid- 
erable weight  to  observations  made  on  several  vines  of  each  class  and 
continued  over  a  series  of  years. 

This  is  illustrated  by  the  record  of  72  ungrafted  Muscat  vines 
growing  in  the  Experiment  Vineyard  at  Kearney,  on  a  piece  of  appar- 
ently uniform  soil  and  treated  as  nearly  alike  as  possible.  The  crop 
of  each  vine  has  been  weighed  each  year  for  four  years. 

The  record  shows  that  the  smallest  single  crop  of  a  single  vine  was 
11  pounds  and  the  largest  65  pounds,  a  variation  of  100  to  59.1.  If 
these  two  vines  had  been  grafted  on  different  stocks,  any  difference 
of  crop  due  to  the  stocks  could  not  have  been  distinguished  in  the 
presence  of  the  enormous  difference  due  to  other  factors.  Single  crops 
of  single  grafted  vines  therefore  are  of  little  value  in  determining  the 
suitability  of  a  combination.  A  large  crop  is  evidence  favorable  to 
the  stock  used,  but  gives  no  evidence  as  to  the  relation  of  one  stock 
to  another,  while  a  small  crop  gives  no  evidence  at  all. 

If  we  segregate  these  same  Muscat  vines  into  three  groups  corre- 
sponding to  three  rows  of  24  vines  each,  we  find  that  the  smallest 
mean  crop  per  vine  for  a  group  in  one  year  was  25  pounds  and  the 
largest  32  pounds,  a  variation  of  100  to  128.     This  indicates  very 


BULLETIN   331]  PHYLLOXERA-RESISTANT    STOCKS  13  5 

clearly  that  the  variations  due  to  uncontrolled  factors  have  been  meas- 
urably equalized  by  the  use  of  groups  of  24  vines.  This  difference 
of  28  per  cent,  however,  is  still  large  and  would  mask  smaller  differ- 
ences caused  by  differences  of  grafting  stock.  Differences  of  50  to  100 
per  cent  which  we  have  found  in  groups  of  vines  grafted  on  different 
stocks  might,  however,  be  distinguishable. 

The  variations  due  to  uncontrolled  factors  can  be  still  further 
equalized  by  considering  the  mean  crops  of  the  groups  for  a  term  of 
years.  The  mean  crop  per  vine  per  year  for  each  of  the  three  groups 
of  Muscat  vines  for  four  consecutive  years  varied  from  28  pounds  to 
31  pounds,  a  variation  of  100  to  111. 

The  extreme  variation,  then,  between  crops  of  single  ungrafted 
vines  in  single  years  was  as  100  :  591 ;  between  groups  of  24  vines  in 
single  years,  as  100  :  128 ;  and  between  groups  of  24  vines  for  a  term 
of  four  years  as  100  :  111. 

The  crop  ratings  of  the  grafted  vines  have  been  based  on  the  record 
of  groups  for  four  years.  It  seems  safe  to  conclude,  therefore,  that 
variations  of  10  to  15  in  the  hundred  have  no  significance,  but  that 
greater  variations  indicate  the  effects  of  the  different  combinations  of 
stock  and  scion. 

The  data  on  which  conclusions  have  been  based  are  given  in  Tables 
XII  (page  136)  and  XIII  (page  139). 

(e)  Quality  of  crop :  The  effect  of  the  stock  on  the  quality  or 
character  of  the  fruit  of  the  scion  has  been  a  matter  of  controversy, 
but  there  seems  to  be  no  evidence  of  value  that  the  nature  of  the  stock 
has  any  influence  whatever  on  the  specific  or  varietal  characters  of 
the  scion.  If  a  white  grape  is  grafted  on  a  red-fruited  stock  the  fruit 
of  the  scion  will  have  no  more  tendency  to  be  red  than  if  it  were 
grafted  on  a  white-fruited  stock  or  were  growing  on  its  own  roots. 
There  is  just  as  much  probability  that  a  scion  variety  will  bear  well 
if  grafted  on  a  light-bearing  stock  as  if  grafted  on  a  heavy-bearing 
one.  A  vine  grafted  on  a  staminate  or  male  stock,  which  can  bear  no 
fruit,  may  be  just  as  fruitful  as  if  grafted  on  a  pistillate  or  fruit- 
bearing  stock. 

This  does  not  mean  that  the  stock  is  without  influence  on  either  the 
quality  or  the  quantity  of  the  scion  which  it  supports.  There  is  con- 
vincing evidence  that  it  has  great  influence  on  both.  But  so  have 
soil,  cultivation,  climate,  and  many  other  conditions. 

This  influence  seems  confined  to  qualities  which  depend  on  the  kind 
and  amount  of  nutritive  material  which  the  scion  receives.  We  cannot 
give  a  Muscat  flavor  to  a  Malaga  vine,  nor  a  Concord  flavor  to  a  Corni- 


116  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

chon,  by  any  method  of  pruning,  irrigation,  or  fertilization,  nor  can 
we  accomplish  this  object  by  grafting  on  to  a  Muscat  or  a  Concord 
stock.  By  modifications  of  the  soil,  climate,  and  cultural  conditions, 
however,  we  can  increase  or  diminish  the  crops  of  a  Malaga  or  a  Corni- 
chon,  we  can  modify  the  time  of  ripening,  the  size  of  the  berry,  the 
sweetness  and  acidity,  and  even  the  amount,  though  not  the  kind,  of 
color  and  flavor.  The  differences  found  between  grafted  and  ungrafted 
vines  and  between  vines  grafted  on  different  stocks,  then,  are  due  to 
differences  of  nutrition. 

An  attempt  has  been  made  in  the  last  section  to  evaluate  the 
influence  of  the  stock  on  the  quantity  of  the  crop.  It  is  more  difficult 
to  estimate  the  influence  on  the  quality. 

The  quality  of  a  grape  is  determined  by  numerous  factors,  sugar, 
flavor,  color,  texture,  size.  Most  of  these  factors  vary  in  the  same 
direction  with  the  same  changes  of  conditions.  For  example,  if  a  vine 
is  badly  nourished  the  fruit  will  usually  lack  sugar,  flavor,  size,  and 
color,  it  will  be  of  inferior  texture,  and  ripen  imperfectly.  By  deter- 
mining one  of  these  characteristics,  therefore,  we  have  to  some  extent 
a  measure  of  all.  The  characteristic  most  easily  measured  is  that  of 
the  sugar  content  of  the  juice. 

With  table  grapes  this  measure  is  not  completely  satisfactory.  The 
size,  color,  and  texture  of  the  fruit  vary  more  or  less  independently 
of  the  sugar  content  and  are  even  more  important.  However,  in  estab- 
lishing legal  standards  for  shipping  grapes,  the  sugar  content  is  the 
main  reliance  even  with  this  type  of  grape.  With  raisin,  grape  juice, 
and  wine  grapes  it  is  in  most  cases  quite  reliable,  especially  when  the 
comparisons  are  made  between  grapes  growing  in  the  same  vineyard 
or  region. 


Bulletin  331] 


PHYLLOXERA-RESISTANT    STOCKS 


117 


TABLE  XIV 

Average  Balling  Degree  with  Each  Stock 
(Davis,  1919) 

Balling  degrees 

Stocks  Number  of         f A 

scions              Maximum  Minimum 

St.   George   18                   35.0  17.5 

Eiparia  Gloire  15                   36.4  17.8 

3306   16                    30.4  18.6 

420-A  14                   28.7  19.5 

1202   14                   28.8  18.1 

A.  x  K.  No.  1 7                   28.6  18.6 

3309   13                    27.2  19.0 

Lenoir   9                    28.4  20.5 

41-B  13                   30.6  18.6 

101-14 4                   28.6  19.7 

A.  x  E.  No.  9 3                    28.4  20.0 

157-11   1                   24.8  24.8 

93-5   2                   23.9  22.5 

E.  Martin  4                   28.0  17.5 

333   E.  M :.....           1                    21.0  21.0 

Tokay  x  Eupestris 1                   20.3  20.3 


Average 
26.1 
25.7 
25.6 
24.5 
24.4 
24.1 
23.8 
23.6 
23.3 

26.2 
25.4 
24.8 
23.2 
22.9 
21.0 
20.3 


TABLE  XV 

Average  Balling  Degree  with  Each  Scion 


(1915,  1916,  1917,  Davis) 


Scions 

Palomino    

Semillon    

Alicante  Bouschet 

Lagrain  

Gros  Mansenc  

Petite  Sirah  

St.  Macaire   

Valdepefias 

Cornichon 

Dattier  de  Beirut . 

Emperor 

Malaga    

Tokay    

Muscat    ... 

Sultana   

Sultanina    

Muscat,   Flame   

Coriath,  Black  

Corinth,  White  

Pierce    

Alicante  Ganzin  ... 


amber  of 
stocks 

Balling  degrees 

Maximum 

Minimum 

Average 

7 

26.5 

24.1 

25.4 

7 

27.0 

25.5 

25.4 

7 

23.9 

21.6 

22.6 

8 

26.6 

24.0 

25.2 

8 

27.2 

25.7 

26.4 

8 

24.8 

21.9 

23.0 

7 

25.5 

23.3 

24.5 

8 

28.8 

25.6 

26.8 

12 

18.7 

17.5 

18.2 

6 

22.7 

20.0 

21.8 

9 

20.3 

17.7 

18.5 

8 

23.0 

20.3 

22.1 

8 

23.0 

20.5 

21.6 

12 

28.2 

23.2 

25.5 

8 

23.2 

20.6 

22.3 

9 

26.4 

24.2 

25.0 

1 

25.0 

3 

31.1 

26.0 

29.0 

2 

29.8 

27.7 

28.8 

2 

21.7 

21.5 

21.6 

1 

22.0 

118  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

In  Table  XIV  the  stocks  are  arranged  in  the  order  of  the  average 
sugar  content  of  the  crops  of  the  various  scion  varieties  grafted  on 
them.  In  a  general  way,  the  ranking  according  to  sugar  content  is 
the  reverse  of  the  ranking  according  to  amount  of  crop.  (See  Tables 
XVIII  to  XXXV.)  For  example,  the  scions  on  St.  George  produced 
as  a  rule  the  sweetest  grapes  but  the  smallest  crops.  The  crops  of 
scions  on  Lenoir  and  1202,  however,  were  often  both  small  and  of 
low  sugar  content. 

While  the  sugar  content  is  a  fairly  accurate  measure  of  the 
quality  of  two  samples  of  grapes  it  is  not  an  easy  measure  to  apply 
in  the  estimation  of  the  value  of  different  stocks.  The  reason  of  this 
is  that  the  stocks  influence  also  the  amount  of  crop  and  the  time  of 
ripening.  If  therefore  we  find  that  the  grapes  on  one  stock  are  sweeter 
than  those  on  another  we  may  not  be  sure  whether  this  is  due  to  a 
difference  in  time  of  ripening,  to  a  difference  in  amount  of  crop,  or 
to  some  other  difference.  If  the  grapes  on  one  stock  are  sweeter  than 
those  on  another,  it  may  simply  indicate  that  the  first  stock  promotes 
early  ripening.  The  second  stock  may  produce  grapes  of  equal  sweet- 
ness and  general  quality  if  given  time.  Moreover,  smaller  crops 
are  usually  sweeter,  so  that  whether  higher  sugar  content  represents 
a  gain  can  be  determined  only  when  we  know  the  crop  that  accom- 
panies it.  After  making  allowance  for  these  uncertainties,  however, 
we  can  say  that  a  higher  sugar  content  is  a  favorable  indication 
whether  it  represents  simply  earlier  ripening  or  a  partial  compensa- 
tion for  smaller  crops.  With  raisin  grapes  and  grapes  used  for  juice 
or  syrup  the  product  obtained  by  multiplying  the  crop  per  vine  by 
the  sugar  per  cent  is  a  means  of  calculating  the  sugar  per  acre  which 
will  give  a  close  approximation  to  the  comparative  value  of  the  crop. 

In  order  to  compare  the  different  stocks  in  this  way  the  average 
crop  and  average  sugar  (Bal.  °)  of  each  stock  with  all  scions  is  shown 
in  Table  XVI. 

The  last  column  in  Table  XVI  represents  the  pounds  of  sugar  or 
solid  contents  yielded  by  100  vines  and  is  convenient  for  comparison, 
though  it  makes  little  change  from  the  order  of  stocks  obtained  by 
arranging  them  according  to  yield  of  grapes. 

An  element  of  uncertainty  is  introduced  into  this  table  by  the  fact 
that  each  stock  was  not  grafted  with  exactly  the  same  set  of  scion 
varieties.  This  inaccuracy  is  probably  great  in  the  cases  of  stocks 
with  which  a  small  number  of  scion  varieties  was  used.  For  this  reason 
the  stocks  representing  loss  than  five  scion  varieties  have  been  segre- 
gated at  the  bottom  of  the  table. 


Bulletin  331] 


PHYLLOXERA-RESISTANT    STOCKS 


119 


An  attempt  has  been  made  to  obtain  a  more  accurate  comparison 
in  Table  XVII.  In  this  table,  the  principal  stocks  have  been  com- 
pared in  respect  to  only  those  ten  scion  varieties  on  which  each  and 
all  were  grafted.  These  are  Tokay,  Malaga,  Palomino,  Semillon, 
Alicante  Bouschet,  Petite  Sirah,  St.  Macaire,  Valdepefias,  Lagrain, 
and  Gros  Mansenc.  A.  x  R.  No.  1  was  grafted  with  only  five  of  these 
scions  and  Lenoir  with  only  six.  In  these  cases,  the  ratings  have  been 
computed  by  comparing  their  records  with  all  scions  used,  with  the 
record  of  St.  George  with  the  same  scions,  and  correcting  for  the  ten 
scions  used  for  the  other  stocks. 


TABLE  XVI 

Eelative  Bearing  and  Sugar  Content 
(All  stocks  and  all  scions,  1915,  1916,  1917) 


Stock  Number  of 

combination  i 

A.  x  E.  No.  1 6 

420-A    15 

3309    13 

41-B    15 

3306    16 

Lenoir    9 

Eiparia  Gloire  15 

1202 15 

St.  George  20 

Tok.  x  Eup 2 

157-11    1 

101-14    4 

93-5    2 

A.  x  E.  No.  9 3 

E.   Martin   4 

333  E.  M 1 

106-8    1 


average  crop, 

pounds  per 

vine 

Average 
Balling 
degree 

Crop  x 
Balling 

30.1 

21.4 

644 

27.2 

23.2 

642 

26.4 

23.6 

623 

25.6 

23.1 

591 

23.0 

24.3 

559 

21.7 

23.1 

501 

20.1 

24.7 

496 

18.9 

23.4 

442 

12.2 

24.8 

303 

32.1 

20.0 

642 

22.5 

26.1 

587 

25.3 

22.7 

574 

20.0 

23.2 

464 

21.2 

21.8 

462 

20.7 

22.3 

462 

14.9 

20.0 

298 

16.3 

17.5 

285 

TABLE  XVII 

Eelative  Bearing  and  Sugar  Content 
(Ten  identical  scions  on  each  stock,  1915,  1916,  1917) 

Stock  Average  crop,  Average  Balling  Crop  x  Balling 

pounds  per  vine  per  cent 

420-A    29.6  23.6  699 

41-B   25.8  23.6  609 

3309    24.4  24.4  595 

A.  x  E.  No.  1 21.9  26.0  569 

3306    22.4  24.9  568 

Lenoir    20.5  23.5  482 

Eiparia  Gloire  19.1  25.1  479 

1202    18.8  24.3  475 

St.  George  11.5  25.3  291 


120  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

The  low  rating  of  Rupestris  St.  George  in  this  table  is  remarkable. 
The  crops  yielded  by  its  grafts  have  averaged  only  about  half  of  those 
of  the  best  stocks.  This  stock  is  used  much  more  than  any  other  in 
California.  It  is  sometimes  claimed  that  the  light  bearing  of  vines  on 
St.  George  root  is  due  to  the  excessive  vigor  of  the  stock  and  that  the 
crops  increase  with  age  and  can  be  improved  by  longer  pruning.  This 
may  be  true  in  some  cases  but  most  of  the  evidence  of  our  investiga- 
tions points  the  other  way.  For  most  of  the  varieties  tested  and  for 
conditions  similar  to  those  of  Davis,  the  St.  George  is,  as  a  stock, 
undoubtedly  much  inferior  to  several  others. 

C.    SUMMARY    AND    CONCLUSIONS 

The  ideal  of  this  investigation  was  to  discover  the  best  stock  for 
each  scion,  and  like  all  ideals  is  unattainable.  It  has  made  it  possible 
to  indicate  certain  stocks  that  are  excellent,  certain  others  that  are 
fair,  and  certain  others  that  are  probably  bad  for  most  of  our  prin- 
cipal grape  varieties,  under  the  conditions  in  which  they  were  tested 
in  Yolo  and  Fresno  counties.  As  these  conditions  represent  the  greater 
part  of  the  grape-growing  region  of  California  they  should  be  useful 
to  grape  growers  who  intend  to  plant  Phylloxera-resistant  vines, 

In  order  to  simplify  the  choice  of  a  stock,  all  the  available  data  of 
importance  have  been  placed  in  Tables  XVIII  to  XXXV.  Each  of 
these  tables  shows  the  behavior  of  a  particular  grape  variety  on  each 
stock  with  which  it  was  tested. 

The  data  given  in  the  columns  of  the  tables  are : 

1.  Per  cent  in  nursery:  This  means  the  average  number  of  first- 
class  rooted  vines  obtained  from  one  hundred  bench  grafts  planted 
in  the  nursery.  This  is  to  indicate  the  probable  cost  of  planting- 
material  with  each  combination.  A  rate  of  50  per  cent  may  be  con- 
sidered a  good  average.  Anything  below  40  per  cent  would  consider- 
ably increase  the  cost  of  the  vines  and  below  30  per  cent  should  not 
be  considered  at  all. 

2.  St.  :8c.  Ratio:  This  means  the  ratio  of  the  diameter  of  the 
stock  a  few  inches  below  the  union  to  that  of  the  scion  a  few  inches 
above  it.  A  ratio  of  100  means  that  the  stock  and  scion  are  equal. 
Ratios  below  100  mean  that  the  stock  is  smaller  than  the  scion ;  above 
100,  that  it  is  larger.  Ratios  of  80  to  100  may  be  considered  excellent 
and  normal.  Ratios  below  75  indicate  a  weakness  of  the  vine.  Ratios 
above  100  seem  also  to  indicate  lack  of  vigor. 

3.  Vigor:  The  numbers  in  the  third  column  simply  represent  the 
comparative  vigor  and  health  of  the  vine  as  shown  by  its  appearance. 


BULLETIN   331]  PHYLLOXERA-RESISTANT    STOCKS  121 

From  80  to  100  mean  perfectly  satisfactory ;  from  70  to  80,  fair ;  and 
below  70,  doubtful  to  poor. 

4.  Death  Bate:  This  column  shows  the  average  number  of  vines 
in  a  hundred  which  died  each  year  during  the  five  years  after  planting, 
not  including  the  first.  A  death  rate  of  2  or  less  is  normal  and  satis- 
factory; anything  over  4  makes  the  combination  doubtful. 

5.  Sugar:  The  figures  in  this  column  give  the  average  Balling 
degrees  for  three  years,  1915,  1916,  and  1918.  They  are  satisfactory 
for  nearly  all  the  combinations  and  usually  show  a  tendency  to  be 
higher  with  the  lower  crops,  which  is  a  normal  relation.  It  is  only 
when  this  relation  is  reversed  that  they  should  be  given  much  weight. 
A  stock  which  increases  the  sugar  as  well  as  the  crop  has  a  double 
merit;  a  stock  which  gives  small  crops  of  low  sugar  content  is  doubly 
poor.  :   , 

6.  Crop:  The  figures  in  this  column  give  the  average  crop  per  year 
per  vine  in  pounds  of  grapes.  For  Davis  they  represent  three  years ; 
for  Kearney,  six.  Wherever  comparable  figures  were  obtainable,  the 
corresponding  average  crops  of  the  ungrafted  vines  are  given  after 
the  name  of  the  scion  variety. 

The  varieties  shown  in  these  tables  are:  five  raisin  grapes:  Muscat, 
Black  Corinth,  White  Corinth,  Sultanina  (Thompson),  and  Sultana; 
five  table  grapes:  Dattier  de  Beirut,  Emperor,  Corniehon,  Tokay,  and 
Malaga;  six  red  wine  grapes:  Alicante  Bouschet,  Gros  Mansenc,  Petite 
Sirah,  St.  Macaire,  Lagrain,  and  Valdepefias;  and  two  white  wine 
grapes:  Semillon  and  Palomino. 

The  raisin  varieties  include  all  that  are  used  largely  for  drying, 
and  the  table  varieties  the  principal  grapes  which  are  used  for  ship- 
ping. The  wine  grapes  were  chosen  when  wine  making  was  a  legal 
and  important  industry  in  California  and  include  those  varieties  which 
were  considered  the  most  suitable  for  growing  in  the  interior  vallej^s 
when  both  quality  and  quantity  were  considered.  Fortunately,  they 
are  very  well  adapted  to  the  newer  uses  of  wine  grapes,  such  as  drying 
and  syrup  making. 

a.  Best  stocks  for  each  scion  variety.  Table  XVIII  to  XXXV  give 
a  summary  of  the  record  of  each  scion  variety  with  each  stock. 

The  Muscat  of  Alexandria  is  widely  grown  in  many  parts  of  the 
world  and  is  recognized  as  difficult  to  suit  in  the  matter  of  resistant 
stock.  The  stocks  usually  recommended  for  it  are  Lenoir,  A.  x  R. 
No.  1,  and  Berlandieri  varieties  and  hybrids.  Lenoir  should  be  re- 
jected on  account  of  its  imperfect  resistance.  The  A.  x  R.  No.  1  has 
a  good  record  at  Kearney  but  its  death  rate  at  Davis  is  high.  The 
Berlandieri  hybrids  41-B  and  420-A  have  excellent  records  at  Davis 


122 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


and  are  probably  the  best  stocks  to  recommend,  in  spite  of  their  low 
nursery  returns.  At  Davis,  101-14  has  an  excellent  record  both  in 
nursery  and  vineyard  and  is  probably  well  suited  to  the  Muscat  in 
favorable  situations.  The  high  death  rate  at  Kearney  is  probably  due 
to  a  severe  autumn  frost  which  injured  most  of  the  vines  in  the  second 
year  and  accounts  for  the  higher  death  rate  there  than  at  Davis. 
St.  George  has  a  poor  record  in  both  places. 


TABLE  XVIII 

Muscat,  22.4,* 

Nursery 
Hi 

%     St.  :  Sc. 

Vigor 

Death  rate 

Sugar 

Crop 

41-B 

Davis              32 

105 

73 

0.0 

24.3 

29.6 

420-A 

Davis              33 

83 

73 

0.0 

22.0 

27.2 

A.xR.  No.  1 

Davis              54 

83 

79 

5.0 

21.0 

24.3 

101-14 

Davis              69 

69 

70 

0.0 

27.7 

23.7 

157-11 

Davis              10 

58 

70 

0.0 

26.0 

22.5 

3309 

Davis               70 

79 

72 

0.0 

25.9 

22.1 

3306 

Davis              64 

70 

65 

7.0 

26.4 

20.3 

Lenoir 

Davis              48 

90 

70 

0.0 

24.5 

19.4 

1202 

Davis              56 

87 

62 

6.4 

25.9 

18.4 

A.  x  R.  No.  9 

Davis              65 

86 

50 

10.2 

25.3 

15.1 

R.  Martin 

Davis 

... 

70 

1.9 

27.3 

14.4 

St.  George 

Davis              63 

23.0 

5.7 

93-5 

St.  George 

A.xR.  No.  9 

Kearney 
Kearney 
Kearney 

13.3 
6.9 
0.0 

20.7 
18.6 
18.2 

Tok.  x  Rup. 
A.xR.  No.  1 
333  E.  M. 

420-A 
3309 
106-8 
101-14 

Kearney 
Kearney 
Kearney 
Kearney 
Kearney 
Kearney 
Kearney 

20.0 
0.0 
0.9 
1.8 
4.4 
0.0 

20.0 

17.9 
16.0 
15.9 
15.3 
13.2 
10.8 

*  The  figures  after  the  name  of 
vines  at  Davis  during  the  same  perio 

the 

(1. 

scion  variety 

give  the 

average  crop 

of  the 

ungrafted 

The  cause  of  the  high  death  rate  of  grafted  Muscat  is  supposed  by 
some  observers  to  be  its  tendency  to  over-bearing.  The  records  at 
Davis,  however,  show  that  a  high  death  rate  is  usually  accompanied 
by  poor  crops  and  a  low  death  rate  by  good  crops.  Over-bearing  will 
undoubtedly  intensify  the  effect  of  poor  affinity  but  where  the  affinity 
is  good  the  vines  should  not  only  be  capable  of  bearing  larger  crops 
but  should  be  longer  lived  if  the  crop  is  carefuly  regulated  by  the 
amount  of  pruning. 

TABLE  XIX 


Corinth,  Blade,  4.8,  on 


Nursery  %     St.  :  Sc.       Vigor       Death  rate        Sugar 


Crop 


B.  Gloire 

Davis 

61 

94 

Strong 

0.0 

29.4 

12.2 

41-B 

Davis 

48 

100 

1.5 

24.5 

8.3 

St.  George 

Davis 

65 

97 

Weak 

0.0 

29.9 

4.5 

420-A 

Kearney 

.... 



41-B 

Kearney 

.... 

0.0 

14.9 

3306 

Kearney 

0.0 

11.8 

R.  Gloire 

Kearney 

.... 

.... 

3.3 

10.6 

Bulletin  331] 


PHYLLOXERA-RESISTANT    STOCKS 


123 


The  records  of  41-B,  Riparia  gloire,  and  3306  have  been  the  best 
with  the  Black  Corinth.  On  St.  George  it  has  not  borne  well  and 
it  has  refused  to  grow  at  all  on  420-A,  though  several  hundred  grafts 
were  made  on  different  occasions.  The  first  two  crops  on  the  best 
stocks  were  excellent,  especially  at  Kearney,  where  they  averaged  over 
20  pounds  to  the  vine.  Later  crops  were  small,  no  larger  than  the 
crops  of  ungrafted  vines  without  girdling.  It  seems  probable  that  the 
union  has  the  same  effect  as  girdling  at  first,  but  as  the  vines  become 
older  it  appears  that  even  the  grafted  vines  must  be  girdled.  The 
crop  of  4.8  lbs.  indicated  above  for  the  ungrafted  vines  was  obtained 
without  girdling.  Vines  on  St.  George  not  only  failed  to  bear  but 
lacked  vigor.  Nursery  results  with  other  stocks  were :  Lenoir,  64  per 
cent;  Tok.  x  Rup.,  44  per  cent,  106-8,  44  per  cent;  A.  x  R.  No.  1, 
43  per  cent.  The  vineyard  record  of  these  stocks  is  not  complete,  but 
A.  x  R.  No.  1  is  promising  and  41-B  has  done  remarkably  well  with 
girdling. 

TABLE  XX 

Nursery  %     St.  :  Sc.  Vigor  Death  rate        Sugar  Crop 

Corinth,  White,  12.5,  on 

3306  Davis  53  81  80  1.4  28.0             13.1 

St.  George  Davis  50  97  63  1.9  29.0               6.5 

E.  Gloire  Davis  41  ....  ....  ....  30.0 

3306  Kearney  ....  ....  ....  0.0              17.8 

St.  George  Kearney  ....  ... .  ....  0.0              US 

420-A  Kearney  ....  ....  ....  20.0 

This  variety  did  best  on  3306  and,  like  the  Black,  was  a  complete 
failure  on  420-A. 

TABLE  XXI 

Nursery  %    St.  :  Sc.  Vigor  Death  rate        Sugar  Crop 
Sultanina,  20.7  Davis, 
30.8  Kearney,  on 

A.  x  B.  No.  1  Davis  53  62  67  0.0  25.1  23.4 

101-14  Davis  46  73  75  0.0  26.0  21.0 

420-A  Davis  22  80  82  0.0  24.9  16.7 

1202  Davis  46  75  83  0.0  25.1  16.5 

E.  Gloire  Davis  23  75  58  0.0  24.9  14.6 

Lenoir  Davis  ....  ....  67  0.0  26.0  14.5 

3306  Davis  47  64  87  0.0  26.4  13.9 

K.  Martin  Davis  80  87  58  0.0  26.1  13.2 

St.  George  Davis  68  76  65  0.0  27.1  11.0 

Lenoir  Kearney  ....  ....  ....  0.0  56.7 

1202  Kearney  ....  ....  ....  0.0  45.9 

3306  Kearney  ....  ....  ....  1.7  45.7 

3309  Kearney  85  ....  ....  0.0  41.3 

1616  Kearney  ....  ....  ....  0.0  39.9 

101-14  Kearney  ....  ....  ....  0.0  37.4 

A.  x  E.  No.  1  Kearney  ....  ....  ....  0.0  35.9 

Tok.  x  Eup.  Kearney  ....  ....  ....  0.0  31.6 

St.  George  Kearney  ....  ....  ....  0.0  30.6 

E.  Martin  Kearney  ....  ....  ....  0.0  30.4 

A.  x  E.  No.  9  Kearney  ....  ....  ....  ....  28.3 


124 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


The  Sultanina  is  evidently  well  adapted  to  grafting  on  resistant 
stocks.  Not  a  single  vine  died  in  five  years,  either  at  Davis  or  Kearney 
on  fourteen  stocks  and  a  very  small  percentage  on  the  fifteenth.  The 
crops  on  eleven  stocks  at  Kearney  varied  from  as  large  as  to  80  per 
cent  larger  than  the  crops  of  the  ungrafted  vines.  At  Davis,  the  crops 
on  only  two  stocks  were  as  large  as  those  of  the  ungrafted  vines.  The 
Davis  vines  were  somewhat  stinted  in  the  matter  of  water  and  these 
comparatively  small  crops  probably  indicate  a  greater  sensitiveness 
to  drought  on  the  part  of  grafted  vines. 

Judging  by  the  above  records,  good  results  may  be  expected  with 
any  of  the  stocks  listed.  Taking  all  points  into  consideration,  perhaps 
the  best  are  3309,  1202,  101-14,  and  A.  x  R.  No.  1.  The  last  showed 
some  defect  of  vigor.  St.  George  was  among  the  poorest,  but  at 
Kearney  gave  the  same  crop  as  the  ungrafted  vines. 


TABLE  XXII 

Nursery  % 

St.  :  Sc. 

Vigor 

Death  rate 

Sugar 

Crop 

Sultana,  36.0,  on 

A.xE.No.l 

Davis 

78 

82 

73 

1.4 

21.7 

42.8 

4  IB 

Davis 

19 

108 

73 

0.0 

22.2 

34.7 

420-A 

Davis 

38 

100 

72 

0.0 

23.5 

32.4 

101-14 

Davis 

55 

91 

70 

0.0 

24.2 

27.1 

E.  Gloire 

Davis 

56 

83 

58 

1.4 

25.1 

25.3 

1202 

Davis 

75 

100 

70 

1.4 

24.4 

23.8 

3306 

Davis 

55 

83 

83 

0.0 

24.8 

23.0 

St.  George 

Davis 

68 

97 

70 

1.9 

25.5 

17.4 

R.  Gloire 

Kearney 

... 

10.0 

71.9 

41-B 

Kearney 



0.0 

53.1 

1202 

Kearney 

... 

.... 

8.3 

51.1 

420-A 

Kearney 



0.0 

48.9 

St.  George 

Kearney 



0.0 

44.8 

3306 

Kearney 



0.0 

41.6 

101-14 

Kearney 

.... 

0.0 

37.8 

The  Sultana  has  borne  very  well  on  nearly  all  resistant  stocks  and 
the  durability  of  the  grafted  vines  has  been  excellent,  with  two  excep- 
tions. The  records  of  41-B  and  A.  x  R.  No.  1  are  excellent  on  all 
points.  The  exceptionally  large  crops  and  high  death  rate  on  R.  gloire 
at  Kearney  and  the  signs  of  lack  of  vigor  at  Davis  indicate  that  this 
stock  is  unsafe. 

TABLE   XXIII 

St.  :  Sc. 


attier  de  Beirul 

Nu 
L,  on 

rsery  % 

93-5 

Davis 

41-B 

Davis 

.... 

A.xR.No.  1 

Davis 

29 

A.xR.No.9 

Davis 

49 

333  E.  M. 

Davis 

420-A 

Davis 

A.xE.No.l 

93-5 

106-8 

Kearney 
Kearney 
Kearney 

igor 

Death  rate 

Sugar 

Crop 

73 

24.6 

19.2 

90 

6.2 

21.9 

18.5 

82 

2.7 

19.3 

18.2 

75 

1.4 

21.0 

16.8 

85 

7.6 

21.1 

14.9 

65 

2.8 

20.9 

14.7 

0.0 

18.0 

30.6 

0.0 

17.5 

27.6 

2.0 

19.0 

10.7 

Bulletin  331] 


PHYLLOXERA-RESISTANT   STOCKS 


125 


From  this  record,  the  A.  x  R.  No.  1,  93-5,  and  A.  x  R.  No.  9  appear 
to  be  the  best  stocks.  The  death  rate  and  the  crop  of  the  other  stocks 
tested  are  defective. 


TABLE   XXIV 

Emperor,  30.9, 

on 

Nursery  % 

St.  :  Sc. 

Vigor 

Death  rate 

Sugar 

Crop 

3306 

Davis 

35 

86 

80 

0.0 

18.8 

37.7 

A.xE.No.l 

Davis 

45 

76 

83 

2.8 

18.4 

36.7 

3309 

Davis 

62 

80 

82 

0.0 

17.9 

34.7 

E.  Gloire 

Davis 

65 

76 

77 

3.3 

19.2 

30.1 

Lenoir 

Davis 

35 

95 

83 

2.8 

17.7 

26.0 

1202 

Davis 

50 

105 

82 

0.0 

18.3 

25.4 

E.  Martin 

Davis 

55 

87 

85 

0.0 

19.7 

21.4 

420-A 

Davis 

15 

92 

75 

0.0 

17.6 

21.1 

St.  George 

Davis 

65 

89 

83 

3.3 

17.2 

21.0 

The  Emperor,  like  the  Cornichon,  has  done  so  well  on  many  stocks 
that  it  is  hard  to  choose  the  best.  The  Rip.  x  Rnp.,  3309,  and  3306 
have  perhaps  the  best  records.  A.  x  R.  No.  1  and  Rip.  gloire  are  also 
good  though  the  latter  has  a  rather  high  death  rate. 

The  Emperor  has  failed  on  nearly  all  resistant  stocks,  according 
to  Mr.  F.  T.  Swett,  in  the  Alhambra  Valley  in  Contra  Costa  County, 
but  in  San  Joaquin  County  it  has  done  well  on  Rip.  gloire. 


TABLE   XXV 

Cornichon,  30.5, 

on 

Nursery 

% 

St.  :  Sc. 

Vigor 

Death  rate 

Sugar 

Crop 

3309 

Davis 

35 

89 

67 

2.8 

18.7 

43.1 

Tok.  x  Eup. 

Davis 

.... 

.... 

18.5 

42.1 

3306 

Davis 

35 

78 

70 

2.8 

19.7 

36.2 

41-B 

Davis 

25 

86 

80 

0.0 

18.7 

35.5 

A.  x  E.  No.  1 

Davis 

15 

72 

80 

0.0 

19.0 

35.4 

E.  Martin 

Davis 

40 

87 

75 

0.0 

19.3 

34.0 

1202 

Davis 

45 

97 

79 

5.6 

19.1 

32.2 

A.  x  E.  No.  9 

Davis 

45 

88 

67 

11.1 

18.6 

31.7 

St.  George 

Davis 

45 

91 

77 

0.0 

19.1 

30.5 

101-14 

Davis 

30 

84 

65 

0.0 

19.1 

29.2 

E.  Gloire 

Davis 

35 

94 

50 

2.8 

19.4 

29.0 

106-8 

Davis 









18.2 

16.3 

The  best  stock  for  Cornichon  is  difficult  to  choose  from  this  table. 
Any  of  the  following  would  probably  be  safe:  3309,  3306,  41-B,  R. 
Martin,  and  St.  George.  The  death  rates  of  3309  and  3306  are  a  little 
high  while  the  nursery  rate  of  41-B  is  low.  On  the  whole,  R.  Martin 
is  probably  the  best.  No  stock  has  a  very  good  nursery  record,  but 
all  except  106-8  gave  good  crops.  The  Cornichon  appears  suited  to 
most  stocks  though  A.  x  R.  No.  9  and  1202  are  doubtful. 

The  record  of  Tokay  indicates  that  it  is  a  difficult  variety  to  grow 
on  resistant  stock,  judging  by  the  high  death  rate  on  all  stocks.  This 
high  death  rate  is  at  least  partly  due  to  several  severe  autumn  frosts 
which  killed  many  even  of  the  ungrafted  vines.    The  death  rate  of  the 


126 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT    STATION 


ungrafted  vines  was  as  high  as  the  average  of  the  grafted.  For  this 
reason,  it  seems  safe  to  recommend  3309  for  Tokay  and  also  41-B  if  its 
low  nursery  percentage  can  be  improved. 


ToTcay,  23.6,  on 

Nursery  % 

St.  :  Sc. 

Vigor 

Death  rate 

Sugar 

Crop 

Lenoir 

Davis 

37 

95 

83 

13.6 

20.6 

47.7 

420-A 

Davis 

27 

98 

83 

8.3 

21.3 

47.1 

3309 

Davis 

60 

80 

83 

5.8 

21.0 

40.0 

41-B 

Davis 

22 

93 

83 

4.2 

20.8 

39.8 

3306 

Davis 

42 

82 

83 

4.6 

20.9 

36.3 

E.   Gloire 

Davis 

55 

78 

70 

7.0 

22.0 

22.2 

St.  George 

Davis 

50 

94 

73 

3.0 

22.0 

18.5 

1202 

Davis 

38 

.... 

17.0 

18.5 

12.5 

TABLE   XXVII 

Malaga,  39.6,  on 

Nursery  % 

St.  :  Sc. 

Vigor 

Death  rate 

Sugar 

Crop 

41-B 

Davis 

5 

88 

83 

0.0 

21.3 

41.6 

420-A 

Davis 

15 

89 

67 

0.0 

21.4 

41.1 

K.  Gloire 

Davis 

27 

70 

65 

7.6 

22.5 

37.9 

3309 

Davis 

28 

81 

83 

0.0 

23.1 

36.9 

3306 

Davis 

40 

73 

72 

1.4 

22.6 

28.3 

Lenoir 

Davis 

30 

95 

67 

0.0 

24.3 

28.3 

St.  George 

Davis 

42 

91 

75 

0.0 

22.6 

20.9 

1202 

Davis 

30 

96 

83 

1.5 

22.6 

18.9 

The  nursery  record  of  this  variety  with  all  stocks  is  poor  or  only 
fair.  The  vineyard  records  of  41-B,  420-A,  and  3309  are  excellent. 
The  record  of  3306  is  fair  to  good  in  both  nursery  and  vineyard. 


TABLE  XXVIII 

Nursery  % 

St.  :  Sc. 

Vigor 

Death  rate 

Sugar 

Crop 

licante  Bouschet,  28.3,  on 

1202 

Davis 

63 

76 

82 

6.1 

21.9 

39.6 

420-A 

Davis 

45 

69 

82 

3.0 

21.2 

36.5 

41-B 

Davis 

50 

81 

85 

2.1 

21.6 

35.5 

K.  Gloire 

Davis 

45 

67 

65 

7.5 

23.3 

27.9 

3309 

Davis 

50 

72 

65 

4.8 

22.5 

27.1 

3306 

Davis 

37 

74 

67 

5.0 

22.6 

21.7 

St.  George 

Davis 

75 

79 

73 

6.0 

23.1 

15.1 

Lenoir 

Davis 

75 





This  variety  has  the  reputation  of  being  unreliable  when  grafted 
on  resistant  stock  and  our  experiences  at  Davis  indicate  that  it  deserves 
its  reputation.  The  best  stocks  have  been  41-B  and  420-A.  All  the 
others  are  doubtful,  owing  to  their  high  death  rate.  41-B  shows  an 
excellent  record  in  all  respects  and  can  be  recommended. 

The  variety  grown  under  the  name  of  Petite  Sirah  in  California 
and  to  which  the  tests  of  Table  XXIX  refer  does  not  appear  to  be  the 
real  Petite  Sirah  of  the  Rhone  Valley.  According  to  L.  O.  Bonnet, 
it  is  the  Duriff ,  a  heavier-bearing  variety  from  the  same  region.  The 
best  record  is  that  of  3306,  which  is  excellent  in  all  points. 


Bulletin  331] 

PHYLLOXERA-RESISTANT    STOCKS 

127 

TABLE   XXIX 

Petite  Sirdh,  36.0,  on 

Nursery  % 

St.  :  Sc. 

Vigor 

Death  rate 

Sugar 

Crop 

3306 

Davis 

70 

84 

82 

0.0 

24.2 

33.9 

41-B 

Davis 

20 

93 

65 

0.0 

23.8 

32.5 

E.  Gloire 

Davis 

60 

89 

65 

1.4 

25.1 

29.9 

420-A 

Davis 

35 

100 

75 

0.0 

23.5 

29.6 

Lenoir 

Davis 

50 

75 

2.8 

24.4 

28.1 

1202 

Davis 

78 

95 

84 

4.2 

23.7 

27.1 

3309 

Davis 

68 

77 

63 

0.0 

24.3 

25.9 

St.  George 

Davis 

65 

103 

73 

0.0 

24.8 

17.9 

TABLE   XXX 

Gros  Manseno, 

20.4,  on 

Nursery  % 

St.  :  Sc. 

Vigor 

Death  rate 

Sugar 

Crop 

41-B 

Davis 

42 

100 

80 

4.2 

24.7 

12.4 

1202 

Davis 

45 

89 

89 

0.0 

26.5 

11.8 

3309 

Davis 

23 

90 

67 

0.0 

25.4 

9.2 

3306 

Davis 

35 

17.0 

24.2 

7.8 

420-A 

Davis 

35 

96 

80 

3.0 

23.9 

7.3 

Lenoir 

Davis 

56 

104 

58 

2.8 

25.5 

5.0 

E.  Gloire 

Davis 

95 

83 

57 

0.0 

26.7 

4.8 

St.  George 

Davis 

50 

104 

57 

7.0 

26.1 

4.3 

The  crops  of  Gros  Mansenc  on  all  stocks  were  much  less  than  on 
the  ungrafted  vines.    The  safest  stock  appears  to  be  1202. 


TABLE   XXXI 

St.  Maoaire,  23.6 

,  on 

Nursery  % 

St.  :  Sc. 

Vigor 

Death  rate 

Sugar 

Crop 

420-A 

Davis 

22 

100 

83 

0.0 

23.5 

27.0 

3306 

Davis 

70 

83 

83 

6.3 

24.3 

25.8 

41-B 

Davis 

55 

111 

67 

0.0 

22.9 

21.6 

3309 

Davis 

48 

96 

79 

0.0 

25.1 

20.7 

1202 

Davis 

75 

107 

82 

0.0 

23.7 

19.4 

E.  Gloire 

Davis 

77 

88 

62 

0.0 

25.0 

18.0 

St.  George 

Davis 

67 

97 

67 

1.7 

24.6 

6.2 

The  best  records  with  St.  Macaire  are  those  of  41-B  and  3309, 
though  their  crops  were  not  quite  equal  to  those  of  420-A  and  3306. 
The  nursery  rate  of  420-A  is  very  low  and  the  death  rate  of  3306  high. 


TAB 

LE  XXXII 

Lagrain,  19.6, 

on 

Nursery  % 

St.  :  Sc. 

Vigor 

Death  rate 

Sugar 

Crop 

41-B 

Davis 

30 

94 

83 

0.0 

24.1 

22.2 

3309 

Davis 

60 

81 

75 

0.0 

25.6 

14.5 

1202 

Davis 

65 

106 

87 

0.0 

24.9 

13.0 

E.  Gloire 

Davis 

42 

88 

58 

1.9 

24.5 

11.8 

3306 

Davis 

62 

81 

70 

1.9 

24.6 

10.9 

420-A 

Davis 

40 

97 

75 

1.7 

24.5 

10.0 

Lenoir 

Davis 

27 

103 

67 

0.0 

24.0 

8.1 

St.  George 

Davis 

70 

97 

65 

0.0 

25.4 

6.5 

The  only  stock  which  has  given  satisfactory  crops  with  Lagrain  is 
41-B  whose  record  is  excellent  in  all  respects  except  the  nursery  per- 
centage, which  is  low.  Grafts  on  3309  and  1202  are  the  second  choice. 
They  have  given  good  returns  in  the  nursery  but  have  borne  less  than 
the  ungrafted  vines. 


128  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

TABLE  XXXIII 


aldepenas,  32.7, 

on 

Nursery  % 

St.  :  Sc. 

Vigor 

Death  rate 

Sugar 

Crop 

420-A 

Davis 

60 

94 

79 

7.1 

24.4 

25.0 

41-B 

Davis 

65 

81 

80 

4.2 

25.1 

19.1 

Lenoir 

Davis 

82 

87 

82 

4.2 

25.4 

18.3 

1202 

Davis 

65 

90 

87 

5.7 

25.2 

17.9 

3309 

Davis 

88 

82 

72 

2.0 

26.3 

17.8 

3306 

Davis 

65 

80 

82 

3.0 

26.1 

14.7 

K.   Gloire 

Davis 

75 

80 

72 

0.0 

26.3 

10.5 

St.  George 

Davis 

75 

91 

82 

4.5 

26.9 

8.0 

This  variety  is  remarkable  for  its  high  nursery  per  cent  and  its 
high  death  rate.  Success  in  the  nursery  does  not  necessarily  mean 
success  in  the  vineyard.  Only  the  R.  gloire  has  a  low  death  rate  but 
its  crops  are  poor.  The  best  record  is  perhaps  that  of  41-B  or  that 
of  3309. 

TABLE  XXXIV 


imillon,  22.2 

!,  on 

Nursery 

% 

St.  :  Sc. 

Vigor 

Death  rate 

Sugar 

Crop 

3309 

Davis 

75 

78 

79 

0.0 

26.1 

17.5 

420-A 

Davis 

47 

95 

87 

1.4 

23.7 

16.8 

3306 

Davis 

35 

83 

79 

0.0 

26.0 

15.3 

1202 

Davis 

23 

90 

83 

0.0 

26.1 

12.8 

E.   Gloire 

Davis 

50 

74 

67 

1.4 

25.9 

12.6 

41-B 

Davis 

17 



0.0 

25.3 

10.5 

St.  George  Davis  47  84  72  0.0  25.6  6.7 

The  crops  of  Semillon  have  been  lower  on  all  stocks  than  on  its  own 
roots.     The  best  stocks  have  been  3309  and  420-A. 


TABLE  XXXV 

ilomino 

,  36.0 

on 

Nursery 

% 

St.  :  Sc. 

Vigor 

Death  rate 

Sugar 

Crop 

420-A 

Davis 

15 

84 

82 

3.3 

24.2 

55.2 

3309 

Davis 

50 

76 

87 

1.4 

25.5 

34.2 

3306 

Davis 

40 

70 

82 

0.0 

25.4 

29.3 

41-B 

Davis 

22 

88 

80 

0.0 

24.3 

22.8 

B.   Gloire 

Davis 

50 

93 

82 

1.9 

25.3 

15.1 

1202 

Davis 

65 

105 

83 

0.0 

24.2 

14.9 

St.  George 

Davis 

72 

88 

87 

0.0 

25.5 

10.6 

The  Palomino  is  one  of  the  most  robust  and  fruitful  vines  grown 
and  on  some  of  the  stocks  it  retains  these  characteristics.  It  has  been 
exceptionally  fruitful  on  420-A,  but  unfortunately  its  nursery  record 
is  very  low  on  this  stock.  Its  death  rate  also  is  somewhat  high  so  that 
this  combination  is  doubtful.  The  safest  stocks  seem  to  be  3309  and 
3306.  !    |;|    I'iW?! 

Table  XXXVI  shows  the  three  stocks  which  can  be  recommended 
for  each  variety  on  the  basis  of  the  data  available.  The  list  includes 
twelve  stocks,  but  five  of  them  occur  only  once,  and  one  of  them  only 
twice.  Another,  1202,  occurs  three  times,  but  with  one  exception  only 
as  a  second  or  third  choice.  It  is  possible,  therefore,  to  reduce  the 
stocks  recommended  for  the  eighteen  varieties  given  to  four,  as  fol- 
lows : 


Bulletin  331] 


PHYLLOXERA-RESISTANT    STOCKS 


129 


Chasselas  x  Berlandieri  41-B  for  Muscat,  Black  Corinth,  Sultana, 
Cornichon,  Tokay,  Alicante  Bouschet,  Gross  Mansenc,  and  St.  Macaire. 

Riparia  x  Rupestris  3309  for  Sultanina  (Thompson),  Emperor, 
Malaga,  Lagrain,  Valdepenas,  Semillon,  and  Palomino. 

Riparia  x  Rupestris  3306  for  White  Corinth  and  Petite  Sirah 
(Duriff). 

Aramon  x  Rupestris  No.  1  for  Dattier  de  Beirut. 


TABLE    XXXVI 

Stocks  Recommended  for  Each  Scion  Variety 


First 


Muscat 


41-B 


Corinth,   Black    41-B 

Corinth,   White  3306 

Sultanina    3309 

Sultana 41-B 

Dattier  de  Beirut A.  x  E.  No.  9 

Emperor    3309 

Cornichon   R.  Martin 

Tokay    41-B 

Malaga    3309 

Alicante  Bouschet 41-B 

Gros  Mansenc  1202 

Petite    Sirah    (Duriff) 3306 

St.  Macaire  41-B 

Lagrain  3309 

Valdepenas  3309 

Semillon    : 3309 

Palomino  3309 


Second 
420-A 
R.  Gloire 
St.  George 
1202 

A.  x  R.  No. 
A.  x  R.  No. 
3306 

St.  George 
3309 
3306 
420-A 
41-B 
420-A 
3309 
41-B 
41-B 
420-A 
3306 


Third 
101-14 
A.  x  R.  No.  1 


A.  x  R.  No.  1 

420-A 

93-5 

A.  x  R.  No.  1 

41-B 


420-A 


41-B 

420-A 
1202 

3306 
41-B 


These  summaries  indicate  that  three  varieties  of  resistant  stock 
will  supply  the  needs  of  all  our  common  varieties  of  raisin  and  table 
grapes  (Dattier  is  still  little  grown). 

(6)  Best  stocks  for  general  use:  As  many  other  varieties  are 
grown  on  a  smaller  scale,  it  is  desirable  to  know  what  stock  is  most 
likely  to  give  good  results  with  a  variety  on  which  we  have  no  data. 
Figure  11  has  been  prepared  for  this  purpose. 

This  figure  represents  the  comparative  results  obtained  with  the 
seven  principal  stocks  in  the  most  important  matters,  i.e.,  crop,  dura- 
bility in  the  vineyard,  and  the  percentage  of  No.  1  grafts  obtained 
in  the  nursery.  The  record  of  each  stock  is  given  with  each  of  the 
same  ten  scion  varieties. 

The  black  blocks  represent  the  total  returns  for  each  stock  with 
the  ten  scions.  Each  step  in  a  block  represents  the  return  of  a  stock 
with  a  single  scion  variety.  The  black  areas  therefore  represent  the 
average  standing  of  each  stock  and  the  steps  the  amount  of  variation. 

This  figure  shows  that  the  best  stocks,  if  we  consider  all  three 
bases  of  comparison,  in  regard  to  their  degree  and  their  regularity, 
are  3309,  3306,  and  Rip.  gloire.     The  well-proved  unreliability  of  the 


130 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


last  stock  when  planted  on  any  but  the  best  soil  abundantly  supplied 
with  water  should  incline  us  to  reject  it  in  favor  of  one  of  the  others 
in  most  instances. 

The  largest  average  crops  were  produced  on  420-A  and  41-B,  but 
their  low  nursery  returns  are  a  great  defect.  That  this  is  not  a  vital 
objection,  however,  can  be  shown  by  comparing  their  record  with 
that  of  Rup.  St.  George.  While  only  a  little  more  than  half  the  per- 
centage of  bench  grafts  were  obtained  in  the  nursery  with  these  stocks 
as  with  St.  George,  they  produced  more  than  twice  as  much  crop  in 


1     420A 

41  B 

3309     ||     3306      |  R.  Gloire 

1202 

St.  George 

HL       Z.4-5 

■             Z13 

I          CROP 

H          160 

too 

^^      21  & 

193 

a        166 

86 

^^^^  93 

1   D  U 

RABI  I^I  T"> 

\^^~83 

l^^     89 

W^^^La£ 

•Bfcj*7 

1               II               1               1               1 

I              1 

UfktftJ  f  J£i  sH  f  fe'^HB  si  31  ?Xtl  3ICH  lfiT*i  Hi 

35 

33 

L               34 

50 

58 

54 

61 

Fig.  11. — Record  of  seven  principal  stocks  with  ten  scions. 

the  vineyard.  Therefore,  even  though  the  grafted  vines  for  planting 
cost  twice  as  much,  they  would  be  much  more  profitable  to  plant,  for 
if  only  half  the  number  were  planted  they  would  cost  no  more  and 
would  produce  a  larger  crop. 

It  is  very  probable  that  with  experience  a  skillful  nurseryman  could 
improve  on  our  methods  and  increase  the  nursery  percentage.  If  this 
were  done,  these  stocks,  especially  41-B,  would  probably  be  the  best 
stocks  for  general  use  that  one  could  choose. 

In  the  meanwhile,  Rip.  x  Rup.  3309  and  Rip.  x  Rup.  3306  can  be 
highly  recommended  as  excellent  stocks  for  general  purposes  for  the 
San  Joaquin  and  Sacramento  Valley  vineyards  and  there  is  strong 
evidence  that  Rupestris  St.  George  should  be  abandoned  in  their  favor. 
Mourvedre  x  Rup.  1202  seems  to  be  only  a  little  better  than  St.  George. 


Bulletin  331] 


PHYLLOXERA-RESISTANT    STOCKS 


131 


TABLE  X 

Durability  of  Grafted  Vines 
(All  combinations,  Davis) 


Growing 


Combination  Planted 
1911 
Alicante  Bouschet  on 

41-B 12 

420-A  12 

3309   10 

3306   12 

St.  George    17 

1202   23 

Eiparia  Gloire  24 

Totals  and  mean   %  110 

Alicante  Ganzin  on 

St.  George  5 

Beba  on 

Lenoir   11 

Eiparia  Gloire  23 

3309   12 

3306   7 

41-B  6 

1202   11 

Totals  and  mean   %  70 
Black  Corinth  on 

Eiparia  Gloire  14 

St.  George 9 

41-B  24 

Totals  and  mean   %  47 
White  Corinth  on 

3306   12 

St.   George   : 12 


Totals  and  mean   % 
Cornichon  on 

St.  George 

E.  Martin  

101-14  : 

A.  x  E.  No.  1 

41.B  

Eiparia  Gloire  

3309   

3306   

1202   

A.  x  E.  No.  9 

Totals  and  mean   % 
Dattier  de  Beirut  on 

A.  x  E.  No.  9 

A.  x  E.  No.  1 

420-A  

41-B  

333  E.  M 


24 


6 
5 
3 
5 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 

55 

24 
48 
12 
12 
12 


1912 

* 

Death  rate, 
loss  per  cent 

Stand 

1917 

per  annum 

8 

7 

2.1 

11 

9 

3.0 

7 

5 

4.8 

10 

7 

5.0 

11 

7 

6.0 

22 

14 

6.1 

20 

11 

7.5 

89 


68 


43 

12 
9 

21 

6 
3 
5 
3 
5 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 

52 

24 
43 
12 
10 
11 


60 


40 


41 

11 

8 

19 

6 
3 
5 
3 
5 
5 
5 
5 
4 
2 

43 

22 

36 

10 

9 

6 


8.3 


11 

9 

3.0 

22 

14 

6.0 

12 

7 

7.0 

7 

4 

7.1 

6 

3 

8.3 

10 

3 

11.7 

13 

13 

0.0 

8 

8 

0.0 

22 

20 

1.5 

1.4 
1.9 


0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
2.8 
2.8 
2.8 
5.6 
11.1 


1.4 

2.7 
2.8 
6.2 
7.6 


Totals  and  mean   %       108 


100 


83 


132 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


TABLE  X—  (Continued) 


Growing 


Combination  Planted 
1911 
Emperor  on 

E.  Martin  11 

3309   9 

1202   8 

3306   4 

420-A  3 

Lenoir   6 

A.  x  E.  No.  1 8 

St.  George 10 

Eiparia  Gloire  7 

Totals  and  mean   %  66 
Lagrain  on 

St.   George   12 

1202   12 

3309   12 

41-B   12 

Lenoir   10 

420-A  12 

Eiparia  Gloire  12 

3306 12 

Totals  and  mean    %  94 

Malaga  on 

St.   George   12 

Lenoir   12 

3309   8 

41-B  2 

420-A  6 

3306   12 

1202   11 

Eiparia  Gloire  11 

Totals  and  mean   %  74 
St.  Macaire  on 

Eiparia  Gloire  24 

1202   24 

3309   7 

420-A  8 

41-B   16 

St.   George   22 

3306   17 

Totals  and  mean   %  118 
Muscat  on 

420-A  12 

41-B  24 

Lenoir   6 

157-11   2 

101-14   24 

3309   11 

E.  Martin  9 

1202   13 

A.  x  E.  No.  9 13 

3306   24 

A.  x  E.  No.  1 11 

St.   George   4 

Totals  and  mean   %  153 


1912 

» 

Death  rate, 
loss  per  cent 

Stand 

1917 

per  annum 

9 

9 

0.0 

8 

8 

0.0 

8 

8 

0.0 

4 

4 

0.0 

3 

3 

0.0 

6 

5 

2.8 

6 

5 

2.8 

10 

8 

3.3 

5 

4 

3.3 

59 

54 

5 

5 

0.0 

10 

10 

0.0 

9 

9 

0.0 

9 

9 

0.0 

8 

8 

0.0 

11 

10 

1.7 

9 

8 

1.9 

9 

8 

1.9 

70 

67 

12 

12 

0.0 

12 

12 

0.0 

5 

5 

0.0 

2 

2 

0.0 

6 

6 

0.0 

12 

11 

1.4 

11 

10 

1.5 

11 

6 

7.6 

71 

64 

14 

14 

0.0 

17 

17 

0.0 

6 

6 

0.0 

7 

7 

0.0 

9 

9 

0.0 

10 

9 

1.7 

8 

5 

6.3 

71 

67 

12 

12 

0.0 

24 

24 

0.0 

6 

6 

0.0 

2 

2 

0.0 

20 

20 

0.0 

8 

8 

0.0 

9 

8 

1.9 

13 

8 

6.4 

13 

5 

10.2 

24 

14 

7.0 

10 

7 

5.0 

2 

.... 

.... 

143 

114 

Bulletin  331] 


PHYLLOXERA-RESISTANT    STOCKS 


133 


TABLE  X— (Continued) 


Growins 


Combination  Planted 
1911 
Flame  Muscat  on 

St.  George 24 

Gros  Mansenc  on 

Riparia  Gloire  24 

1202   14 

St.   George  15 

Lenoir   12 

420-A  12 

41-B  12 

3306   9 

3309   8 

Totals  and  mean   %  106 

Palomino  on 

St.   George   17 

1202   10 

3306   12 

41-B   7 

3309   16 

Riparia  Gloire  10 

420-A  5 

Totals  and  mean   %  77 

Pierce  on 

St.  George  11 

Semillon  on 

1202   6 

3306   11 

St.   George   12 

3309   24 

420-A  12 

Riparia  Gloire  12 

Lenoir   11 

Totals  and  mean    %  88 

Petite  Sirah  on 

3309   12 

3306   12 

420-A  12 

41-B   8 

St.  George   16 

Riparia  Gloire  12 

Lenoir   12 

1202   12 

Totals  and  mean   %  96 

Sultana  on 

3306  12 

41-B  17 

-      101-14   12 

420-A  7 

A.  x  R.  No.  1 12 

1202   12 

Riparia  Gloire  12 

St.   George  12 

Totals  and  mean  %  96 


1912 

1 

Death  rate, 
loss  per  cent 

Stand 

1917 

per  annum 

13 

11 

2.6 

4 

4 

0.0 

13 

13 

0.0 

8 

7 

2.1 

12 

10 

2.8 

11 

9 

3.0 

4 

3 

4.2 

1 

0 

17.0 

5 

5 

0.0 

58 


68 


11 


51 


13 

13 

0.0 

10 

10 

0.0 

12 

12 

0.0 

7 

7 

0.0 

12 

11 

1.4 

9 

8 

1.9 

5 

4 

3.3 

65 


11 


0.0 


3 

3 

0.0 

7 

7 

0.0 

10 

10 

0.0 

19 

19 

0.0 

12 

11 

1.4 

12 

11 

1.4 

10 

.... 

73 

61 

12 

12 

0.0 

11 

11 

0.0 

12 

12 

0.0 

8 

8 

0.0 

14 

14 

0.0 

12 

11 

1.4 

12 

10 

2.8 

12 

9 

4.2 

93 

87 

12 

12 

0.0 

17 

17 

0.0 

11 

11 

0.0 

6 

6 

0.0 

12 

11 

1.4 

12 

11 

1.4 

12 

11 

1.4 

9 

8 

1.9 

91 


87 


134 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


TABLE  X— (Concluded) 


Growing 


Combination  Planted 
1911 
Sultanina  on 

101-14 : 12 

A.  i  E.  No.  1 12 

420-A  8 

Lenoir   8 

K.  Martin  8 

1202  12 

3306   12 

St.  George 12 

Kiparia  Gloire  3 

Totals  and  mean   %  87 
Tokay  on 

St.  George  12 

41-B  8 

3306  12 

3309  24 

Kiparia  Gloire  12 

420-A  8 

Lenoir   12 

1202  _8 

Totals  and  mean   %  96 
Valdepefias  on 

Kiparia  Gloire  24 

3309  24 

3306  24 

Lenoir  24 

41-B  16 

St.  George  24 

1202  24 

420-A  __8 

Totals  and  mean   %  168 


1912 

"\ 

Death  rate, 
loss  per  cent 

Stand 

1917 

per  annum 

12 

12 

0.0 

12 

12 

0.0 

8 

8 

0.0 

8 

8 

0.0 

8 

8 

0.0 

11 

11 

0.0 

11 

11 

0.0 

10 

10 

0.0 

2 

2 

0.0 

82 

82 

11 

9 

3.0 

8 

6 

4.2 

11 

8 

4.6 

23 

17 

5.8 

12 

7 

7.0 

8 

4 

8.3 

11 

2 

13.6 

8 

0 

17.0 

92 

53 

14 

14 

0.0 

17 

15 

2.0 

22 

18 

3.0 

12 

9 

4.2 

12 

9 

4.2 

22 

16 

4.5 

23 

14 

5.7 

7 

4 

7.1 

129 

99 

Bulletin  331] 


PHYLLOXERA-RESISTANT   STOCKS 


135 


TABLE  XI 

Durability  of  Grafted  Vines 

(Kearney  Experiment  Vineyard) 

Combination  Vines  planted  Vines  growing 

1912-1913  1916-1917 

Black  Corinth  on 

41-B  5  5 

3306  3  3 

Eiparia  Gloire  6  5 

White  Corinth  on 

St.   George  1  1 

3306  13  13 

420-A  3  0 

Dattier  de  Beirut  on 

93-5 11  11 

A.  x  E.  No.  1 6  6 

106-8  37  34 

Sultana  on 

101-14  3  3 

St.   George   10  10 

3306  8  8 

420-A  14  14 

1202  12  7 

Eiparia  Gloire  2  1 

41-B  20                 .  20 

Sultanina  on 

1616  2  2 

E.  Martin  7  7 

3309   5  5 

Lenoir   6  6 

Tokay  x  Eupestris 8  8 

A.  x  E.  No.  1 3  3 

St.  George   14  14 

101-14  17  17 

1202  10  10 

3306   14  13 

Muscat  on 

A.  x  E.  No.  1 10  10 

106-8    6  6 

333   E.  M 22  21 

420-A  33  30 

3309   32  25 

St.  George 84  55 

93-5  6  2 

A.  x  E.  No.  9 6  2 

Tokay  x  Eupestris 6  0 

101-14  3  0 


Death  rate 
loss  per  cent 
per  annum 

0.0 
0.0 
3.3 


0.0 

0.0 

20.0 

0.0 
0.0 
2.0 

0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
8.3 
10.0 
0.0 

0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
1.7 

0.0 

0.0 

0.9 

1.8 

4.4 

6.9 

13.3 

13.3 

20.0 

20.0 


136 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


TABLE  XII 

Crops  op  Various  Varieties  on  Various  Stocks 
Experiment  Vineyard,  Davis,  Calif. 
Pouru 


Variety 
Alicante  Bouschet  

1202    

420-A    

41-B    

Eiparia  Gloire   .... 

3309    

3306 

St.  George  

Alicante   Ganzin   

St.  George  

Corinth,    Black    

Eiparia  Gloire   .... 

41-B    

St.  George  

Corinth,  White 

3306    

St.  George  

Cornichon  

3309     

Tok.  x  Rup 

3306    ..... 

41-B 

A.  x  R.  G.  No.  1  .. 

R.   Martin   

1202    

A.  x  R.  G.  No.  9  .. 

St.  George  

101-14 

R.  Gloire  

106-8    

Dattier  de  Beyreuth 

93-5    

41-B    

A.  x  R.  G.  No.  1 .. 

A.  x  R.  G.  No.  9  .. 

333  E.  M 

420-A    

Emperor  

3306    

A.  x  R.  G.  No.  1  .. 

3309    

R.  Gloire  

Lenoir    

1202    

R.   Martin   

420-A    

St.  George  

Gros  Mansenc  

41.B    

1202    

3309    

3306    

420-A    

Lenoir    

Riparia  Gloire 

St.  George  

*  The  figures  in  italic 
the  ungrafted  vines. 


1914 
16.02 
15.75 
12.86 
10.82 

8.98 
14.20 

7.79 

7.91 


6.75 


3.44 
1.43 

2.09 

2.06 

.83 

.80 

6.54 


5.21 
1.92 
4.37 
3.15 

1.18 

.67 

1.44 

1.33 


rids  per 

vine* 

Mean,  1915-1917 

1915 

1916 

1917 

Pounds 

Balling 

17.70 

46.05 

21.17 

28.31 

18.79 

49.34 

50.78 

39.64 

22.3 

21.90 

38.13 

49.38 

36.47 

21.6 

14.00 

46.71 

45.68 

35.46 

21.9 

16.23 

34.00 

33.52 

27.92 

23.9 

14.80 

30.00 

36.45 

27.08 

21.9 

9.63 

21.14 

34.22 

21.66 

23.5 

8.38 

9.15 

27.75 

15.09 

22.9 

5.13 

5.13 

4.82 

22"o 

2.69 

16.88 

17.00 

12.19 

30.4 

1.40 

13.14 

10.48 

,8.34 

26.0 

4.56 

4.44 

4.50 

31.1 

5.51 

18.18 

13.80 

12.50 

1.92 

27.38 

10.08 

13.13 

27.7 

.63 

12.20 

6.60 

6.48 

29.8 

13.46 

50.22 

27.95 

30.54 

19.60 

68.80 

40.75 

43.05 

18.2 

37.00 

47.25 

42.13 

18.3 

21.60 

52.42 

34.42 

36.15 

17.9 

18.40 

62.20 

25.85 

35.48 

17.8 

15.00 

55.25 

36.08 

35.44 

18.3 

8.33 

54.50 

39.17 

34.00 

18.7 

10.83 

53.60 

32.17 

32.20 

18.3 

9.67 

55.06 

30.50 

31.74 

18.0 

4.67 

55.29 

31.50 

30.49 

18.7 

6.20 

52.42 

28.88 

29.17 

17.9 

12.60 

45.71 

28.67 

28.99 

18.6 

16.25 

16.25 

17.5 

13.94 

29.71 

13.88 

19.18 

22.7 

8.90 

23.77 

22.70 

18.46 

21.6 

14.92 

27.51 

12.20 

18.21 

22.6 

13.14 

26.32 

10.92 

16.79 

21.8 

7.67 

27.04 

10.00 

14.90 

20.0 

10.60 

20.45 

12.91 

14.65 

22.0 

21.11 

40.28 

31.31 

30.90 

10.75 

59.25 

43.19 

37.73 

19.7 

10.25 

65.75 

34.20 

36.73 

18.6 

7.50 

48.03 

48.66 

34.73 

18.9 

3.80 

54.30 

32.15 

30.08 

20.3 

4.14 

54.83 

19.13 

26.03 

17.9 

3.00 

42.63 

30.63 

25.42 

17.8 

1.67 

41.58 

20.90 

21.38 

19.5 

5.00 

31.97 

26.26 

21.08 

17.7 

2.13 

38.73 

22.00 

20.95 

19.0 

22.86 

21.10 

17.36 

20.44 

5.33 

16.08 

15.67 

12.36 

25.7 

3.85 

17.15 

14.23 

11.78 

26.5 

1.00 

16.40 

10.05 

9.15 

25.8 

8.75 

6.75 

7.75 

26.5 

2.11 

10.13 

9.56 

7.27 

27.2 

2.67 

6.35 

5.91 

4.98 

26.2 

2.67 

7.48 

4.27 

4.81 

26.4 

5.00 

4.21 

3.56 

4.26 

26.6 

ime  of  ( 

sach  scion 

variety  give 

the  average 

crops  of 

Bulletin  331] 


PHYLLOXERA-RESISTANT    STOCKS 


137 


TABLE  XII—  (Continued) 


Variety  1914 

Lagrain    10.96 

41-B    3.31 

3309    3.06 

1202    4.33 

Eiparia   Gloire   2.59 

3306    1.56 

420-A    2.50 

Lenoir    .54 

St.  George  2.20 

Malaga 15.39 

41-B    22.00 

420-A    13.16 

Eiparia  Gloire   12.71 

3309    21.20 

3306    7.25 

Lenoir    8.63 

St.  George  4.46 

1202    11.45 

Muscat,  Flame 

St.  George  

Muscat    

41-B    5.10 

420-A    8.04 

A.  x  E.  G.  No.  1 9.38 

101-14    6.68 

157-11    4.13 

3309    7.39 

3306    6.88 

Lenoir    6.42 

1202    7.17 

A.  x  E.  G.  No.  9 4.30 

E.  Martin   6.21 

St.  George  

Palomino    12.50 

420-A    9.94 

3309     10.45 

3306    8.10 

41-B    10.43 

Eiparia  Gloire   4.41 

1202    6.45 

St.  George  6.81 

Pierce  (Isabella)  

Tck.  x  Eup 

St.  George  

St.   Macaire  11.44 

420-A    4.86 

3306    29.92 

41-B    5.18 

3309    3.83 

1202    4.47 

Eiparia  Gloire   5.20 

St.  George  1.53 


Pounds 

per  vine 

Mean,  1915-1917 

1915 

1916 

1917 

Pounds 

Balling 

16.06 

24.48 

18.22 

19.59 

9.78 

36.33 

20.44 

22.18 

24.5 

7.50 

17.22 

18.83 

14.52 

26.6 

5.64 

12.06 

21.33 

13.01 

25.0 

7.67 

11.75 

15.90 

11.77 

25.7 

6.63 

11.33 

14.80 

10.92 

25.7 

4.90 

10.48 

14.67 

10.02 

24.0 

3.57 

7.97 

12.69 

8.08 

24.2 

3.60 

7.96 

8.00 

6.52 

26.4 

22.08 

57.64 

39.14 

39.62 

29.50 

54.75 

40.50 

41.58 

20.3 

41.33 

56.38 

25.58 

41.10 

20.8 

33.00 

43.82 

36.88 

37.90 

23.0 

30.40 

53.90 

26.50 

36.93 

22.9 

20.75 

39.54 

24.67 

28.32 

22.9 

25.08 

39.67 

20.15 

28.30 

21.3 

12.17 

37.71 

12.83 

20.90 

23.0 

15.50 

25.40 

15.83 

18.91 

22.7 

9.16 

12.23 

10.70 

13.41 

12.43 

12.92 

25.0 

19.39 

33.43 

14.45 

22.42 

22.11 

38.33 

28.38 

29.61 

24.0 

26.58 

29.63 

25.23 

27.15 

24.6 

31.50 

26.31 

15.14 

24.32 

23.2 

18.65 

32.58 

19.93 

23.72 

26.3 

20.00 

28.50 

19.13 

22.54 

26.1 

19.63 

23.67 

22.94 

22.08 

25.5 

21.53 

20.74 

18.65 

20.31 

26.5 

13.33 

18.17 

26.55 

19.35 

24.1 

17.00 

20.90 

17.25 

18.38 

24.8 

18.50 

15.11 

11.81 

15.14 

25.5 

9.63 

18.19 

15.34 

14.39 

26.4 

5.64 

5.71 

5.68 

28.2 

36.92 

47.27 

23.92 

36.04 

34.25 

85.44 

45.83 

55.17 

24.1 

25.00 

36.00 

41.56 

34.19 

23.0 

30.92 

29.00 

27.90 

29.27 

25.6 

30.00 

13.14 

25.21 

22.78 

24.4 

10.75 

19.47 

15.03 

15.08 

25.8 

10.40 

20.44 

13.92 

14.92 

25.3 

9.46 

14.42 

7.83 

10.57 

26.5 

26.92 

1*7.17 

22.05 

21.7 

17.00 

13.43 

15.22 

21.5 

16.89 

33.71 

20.07 

23.56 

16.57 

36.96 

27.89 

27.13 

24.5 

17.17 

36.15 

24.00 

25.77 

24.3 

16.00 

33.95 

14.73 

21.56 

23.3 

16.00 

22.04 

24.04 

20.69 

24.4 

10.00 

28.99 

19.10 

19.36 

24.1 

15.25 

21.46 

17.15 

17.95 

25.4 

3.54 

7.89 

7.14 

6.19 

25.5 

138 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


TABLE  XII—  (Concluded) 


Pounds  per  vine 

A 


Mean,  1915-1917 


Variety                                          1914  1915  1916  1917 

Semillon   14.12  £0.76  31.74 

3309    9.83  9.32  19.87  23.29 

420-A    4.48  9.17  23.14  17.94 

3306    8.32  8.71  17.21  19.86 

1202    4.67  9.33  19.25  9.75 

Eiparia  Gloire  5.82  8.45  14.91  14.40 

41-B    10.50          

St.  George  4.70  2.50  7.80  9.85 

Sirah,  Pte 30.61  37.70  39.72 

3306    10.32  31.33  31.48  38.88 

41-B    14.16  33.75  42.86  20.14 

Eiparia  Gloire  10.27  25.09  32.80  31.71 

420-A    5.85  26.25  38.17  24.35 

Lenoir    8.33  21.70  40.89  21.63 

1202    13.92  22.17  30.56  28.65 

3309    7.81  26.92  26.92  23.94 

St.  George  4.15  12.35  20.83  20.56 

Sultana  21.58  25.33  36.57  45.94 

A.  x  E.  G.  No.  1 17.09  65.45  45.73 

41-B    12.65  52.35  39.06 

420-A    8.67  55.46  33.00 

101-14    7.27  45.15  28.83 

Eiparia  Gloire   1.14  41.83  32.92 

1202    5.33  36.36  29.82 

3306    7.83  32.02  29.25 

St.  George  10.36  20.00  21.80 

Sultanina   13.50  30.35  18.32 

A.  x  E.  G.  No.  1 6.83  46.67  16.58 

101-14    8.50  44.38  10.17 

420-A    3.75  35.69  10.50 

1202    3.18  35.89  10.45 

Eiparia  Gloire   5.29  29.39  9.14 

Lenoir' 4.63  34.22  4.75 

3306    4.00  28.46  9.17 

E.  Martin  1.00  30.84  7.63 

St.  George  .60  24.75  7.75 

Tokay   15.27  23.58  32.00 

Lenoir    7.38  52.50  47.00  43.50 

420-A    15.63  43.75  46.06  51.33 

3309    14.56  33.41  45.85  40.76 

41-B    16.46  47.50  41.75  30.18 

3306    10.94  33.13  40.00  35.88 

Eiparia  Gloire   11.67  24.75  20.82  20.98 

St.  George  7.09  18.88  28.23  8.25 

1202    5.50  12.00  19.29 

Valdepeiias     12.97  19.14  44.75  34.09 

420-A    10.25  20.50  28.50  26.06 

41-B    5.78  10.20  23.10  23.88 

Lenoir    5.15  12.20  21.30  21.33 

1202    8.63  11.57  20.84  21.29 

3309    8.14  8.40  23.97  21.08 

3306    8.71  9.00  19.18  16.01 

Eiparia  Gloire   11.54  13.57  8.83  9.06 

St.  George  8.35  27.72  14.32  7.00 


Pounds 
22.21 
17.49 
16.75 
15.26 
12.78 
12.59 
10.50 
6.72 

36.01 
33.90 
32.25 
29.87 
29.59 
28.07 
27.13 
25.93 
17.91 

35.95 
42.76 
34.69 
32.38 
27.08 
25.30 
23.84 
23.03 
17.39 

20.72 
23.36 
21.02 
16.65 
16.51 
14.61 
14.53 
13.88 
13.16 
11.03 

23.62 
47.67 
47.05 
40.01 
39.81 
36.34 
22.18 
18.45 
12.26 

32.66 
25.02 
19.06 
18.28 
17.90 
17.82 
14.73 
10.49 
8.01 


Balling 


25.9 
25.5 
27.0 
26.2 
26.8 
26.9 
26.4 


24.2 
22.0 
23.5 
21.9 
22.2 
23.1 
22.0 
24.8 


21.4 
20.6 
22.5 
22.4 
23.2 
22.3 
23.2 
22.5 

24.2 
24.2 
25.0 
25.1 
26.4 
24.6 
25.3 
24.5 
25.7 


21.1 
20.5 
21.6 
21.2 
22.0 
23.0 
21.6 
21.5 


25.6 
26.1 
26.2 
26.4 
26.7 
27.2 
27.3 
28.8 


Bulletin  331] 


PHYLLOXERA-RESISTANT    STOCKS 


139 


TABLE  XIII 

Crop  of  Raisin  Varieties  on  Various  Stocks 
Experiment  Vineyard,  Kearney,  California 


Variety  and  stock 

Muscat    (1)    

93-5   

A.  x  R.  No.  1 

St.   George  

A.  x  R.  No.  9 

333  E.   M 

420-A  

3309   

106-8   

101-14   

Tok.   x   Rup 

Means  grafted 


1914 

15.6 

20.9 

17.5 

14.3 

11.8 

9.8 

10.6 

9.4 

8.0 


Sultanina    (2)  ■ 

Lenoir   

1202   

3306   

3309   

1616   

A.  x  R.  No.  9 

101-14   

Tok.   x   Rup 

St.   George  

R.  Martin  

A.  x  R.  No.  1 

Means  grafted 

Sultana   

Riparia    Gloire    .... 

41-B 

420-A  

1202   

St.  George  

3306 

101-14   

Means  grafted 


Corinth,   Black    

41-B  

3306   

Riparia    Gloire    

Means  grafted  .. 

Corinth,  White   

3306  

St.   George  

Means  grafted  - 


Pounds  of  grapes  per  vine 


1915 
21.1 
28.7 
22.6 
16.5 
8.8 
20.4 
16.7 
21.5 
19.8 


1916 
24.9 
35.0 
37.1 
25.1 
34.8 
26.6 
26.8 
24.9 
18.7 


1917 
14.5 
10.1 

9.6 
16.8 
17.0 
13.6 
14.6 

9.5 
11.4 


ie 

Mean, 

1914- 
1919 

1918 

1919 

15.9 

20.4 

18.7 

20.5 

'8.7 

20.7 

11.7 

10.9 

18.2 

14.7 

8.7 

16.0 

24.5 

14.5 

18.6 

15.3 

9.5 

15.9 

13.9 

8.8 

15.3 

9.3 

4.8 

13.2 

4.0 

2.8 

10.8 

io"o 

ii'6 

12.8 

19.4 

28.5 

12.6 

13.4 
39.1 

8.2 
32.0 

16.1 

53.5 

81.1 

59.8 

41.0 

48.0 

56.7 

36.1 

49.5 

51.2 

58.7 

41.0 

38.0 

45.9 

22.4 

37.1 

83.0 

49.3 

39.0 

43.0 

45.7 

35.0 

54.6 

39.2 

56.0 

22.0 

41.3 

10.5 

68.5 
38.8 

46.3 

45.0 

29.0 

39.9 

28.4 

30.3 

60.4 

34.3 

41.0 

30.0 

37.4 

32.0 

42.6 

25.5 

25.0 

27.0 

31.6 

25.3 

25.5 

49.3 

32.6 

27.0 

23.0 

30.6 

26.9 

27.2 

39.7 

41.0 

17.0 

30.4 

4.5 

38.8 

42.3 

40.0 

54.0 

35.9 

28.1 

30.5 

54.1 

42.8 

39.7 
21.2 

33.1 

18.0 

39.5 

75.5(3) 

95.5 

70.0 

54.0 

%   65.0 

71.9 

58.9 

59.3 

68.2 

51.0 

28.0 

53.1 

55.2 

66.0 

59.3 

42.0 

22.0 

48.9 

41.8 

70.9 

46.5 

71.0 

25.0 

51.1 

39.9 

61.8 

51.1 

51.0 

20.3 

44.8 

45.9 

47.5 

48.5 

51.0 

15.0 

41.6 

52.8(3) 

68.0 

12.3 

42.0 

14.0 

37.8 

52.9 

67.0 

50.8 
7.9 

51.7 
17.8 

27.0 

49.9 

'15'19 

12.9 

6.2 

22.6 

20.7 

15.7 

9.1 

14.9 

7.0 

22.5 

14.3 

11.3 

3.9 

11.8 

1.0 

20.5 

11.0 

10.0 

10.6 

4.7 

21.9 

15.3 

5.0 

13.5 

7.7 

8.0 

29.8 

20.3 

17.8 

3.0 

31.5 

10.8 

11.6 

5.5 

30.7 

15.6 

STATION  PUBLICATIONS  AVAILABLE  FOR  FREE  DISTRIBUTION 

BULLETINS 


No. 
185. 

241. 
246. 
251. 


253. 

261. 
262. 

263. 
266. 

267. 
268. 
270. 


271. 
273. 

275. 

276. 
278. 
279. 


282. 

283. 
285. 
286. 
290. 

294. 
297. 
298. 
299. 
300. 
301. 


No. 
Report  of  Progress  in  Cereal  Investiga-  302. 

tions. 
Vine  Pruning  in  California,  Part  I.  304. 

Vine  Pruning  in  California,  Part  II. 
Utilization  of  the  Nitrogen  and  Organic  308. 

Matter    in    Septic    and    Imhoff    Tank 

Sludges. 
Irrigation    and    Soil    Conditions    in    the  309. 

Sierra  Nevada  Foothills,  California. 
Melaxuma  of  the  Walnut,  "Juglans  regia."  310. 

Citrus    Diseases    of    Florida    and    Cuba  312. 

Compared  with  Those  of  California.  313. 

Size  Grades  for  Ripe  Olives.  316. 

A  Spotting  of  Citrus  Fruits  Due  to  the  317. 

Action  of  Oil  Liberated  from  the  Rind.  318. 

Experiments  with  Stocks  for  Citrus.  320. 

Growing  and  Grafting  Olive  Seedlings.  321. 

A  Comparison  of  Annual  Cropping,  Bi-  322. 

ennial   Cropping,    and   Green    Manures  323. 

on  the  Yield  of  Wheat. 
Feeding  Dairy  Calves  in  California.  324. 

Preliminary  Report  on  Kearney  Vineyard 

Experimental  Drain.  325. 

The  Cultivation  of  Belladonna  in  Cali- 
fornia. 
The  Pomegranate.  326. 

Grain  Sorghums.  328. 

Irrigation  of  Rice  in  California.  329. 

Irrigation  of  Alfalfa  in  the  Sacramento  330. 

Valley.  331. 

Trials  with   California   Silage   Crops  for  332. 

Dairv  Cows.  333. 

The  Olive  Insects  of  California. 
The  Milk  Goat  in  California. 

Commercial  Fertilizers.  334. 

The    June    Drop    of    Washington    Navel 

Oranges.  335. 

Bean  Culture  in  California. 

The  Almond  in  California.  336. 

Seedless  Raisin  Grapes. 

The  Use  of  Lumber  on  California  Farms.  337. 

Commercial  Fertilizers.  338. 

California  State  Dairy  Cow  Competition, 

1916-1918. 


Control  of  Ground  Squirrels  by  the  Fumi- 
gation Method. 

A  Study  on  the  Effects  of  Freezes  on 
Citrus  in  California. 

I.  Fumigation  with  Liquid  Hydrocyanic 
Acid.  II.  Physical  and  Chemical  Pro- 
perties of  Liquid  Hydrocyanic  Acid. 

I.  The  Carob  in  California.  II.  Nutritive 
Value  of  the  Carob  Bean. 

Plum  Pollination. 

Mariout  Barley. 

Pruning  Young  Deciduous  Fruit  Trees. 

The  Kaki  or  Oriental  Persimmon. 

Selections  of  Stocks  in  Citrus  Prooagation. 

The  Effects  of  Alkali  on  Citrus  Trees. 

Control  of  the  Coyote  in  California. 

Commercial  Production  of  Grape  Syrup. 

The  Evaporation  of  Grapes. 

Heavy  vs.  Light  Grain  Feeding  for  Dairy 
Cows. 

Storage  of  Perishable  Fruit  at  Freezing 
Temperatures. 

Rice  Irrigation  Measurements  and  Ex- 
periments in  Sacramento  Valley,  1914- 
1919. 

Brown  Rot  of  Apricots. 

Prune  Growing  in  California. 

A  White  Fir  Volume  Table. 

Dehvdration  of  Fruits. 

Phylloxera-Resistant  Stocks. 

Walnut  Culture  in  California. 

Some  Factors  Affecting  the  Quality  of 
Ripe  Olives  Sterilized  at  High  Tem- 
peratures. 

Preliminary  Volume  Tables  for  Second- 
Growth  Redwoods. 

Cocoanut  Meal  as  a  Feed  for  Dairy  Cows 
and  Other  Livestock. 

The  Preparation  of  Nicotine  Dust  as  an 
Insecticide. 

Some  Factors  of  Dehydrater  Efficiency. 

Selection  and  Treatment  of  Waters  for 
Spraying  Purposes  with  Especial  Ref- 
erence to  Santa  Clara  Valley. 


CIRCULARS 

No.  No. 

70.  Observations    on    the    Status    of    Corn  155. 

Growing  in  California.  157. 

76.  Hot  Room  Callusing.  158. 

82.  The  Common  Ground  Squirrels  of  Cali-  159. 

fornia.  160. 

87.  Alfalfa.  161. 

110.  Green  Manuring  in  California.  164. 

111.  The  Use  of  Lime  and  Gypsum  on  Cali-  165. 

fornia  Soils. 

113.  Correspondence  Courses  in  Agriculture.  166. 

114.  Increasing  the  Duty  of  Water.  167. 

115.  Grafting  Vinifera  Vineyards.  168. 

126.  Spraying  for  the  Grape  Leaf  Hopper. 

127.  House  Fumigation.  169. 

128.  Insecticide  Formulas.  170. 

129.  The  Control  of  Citrus  Insects. 

130.  Cabbage  Growing  in  California.  172. 
135.  Official  Tests  of  Dairv  Cows.  173. 

138.  The  Silo  in  California  Agriculture.  174. 

139.  The  Generation  of  Hydrocyanic  Acid  Gas  175. 

in  Fumigation  by  Portable  Machines. 

144.  Oidium  or  Powdery  Mildew  of  the  Vine.  176. 
148.  "Lungworms." 

151.  Feeding  and  Management  of  Hogs.  177. 

152.  Some  Observations  on  the  Bulk  Handling  178. 

of  Grain  in  California.  179. 

153.  Announcement    of    the    California    State 

Dairy  Cow  Competition,  1916-18.  181. 

154.  Irrigation    Practice    in    Growing    Small  182. 

Fruits  in  California. 


Bovine  Tuberculosis. 

Control  of  the  Pear  Scab. 

Home  and  Farm  Canning. 

Agriculture  in  the  Imperial  Valley. 

Lettuce  Growing  in  California. 

Potatoes  in  California. 

Small  Fruit  Culture  in  California. 

Fundamentals    of    Sugar    Beet    Culture 

under  California  Conditions. 
The  County  Farm  Bureau. 
Feeding  Stuffs  of  Minor  Importance. 
Spraying  for  the  Control  of  Wild  Morning-' 

Glory  within  the  Fog  Belt. 
The  1918  Grain  Crop. 
Fertilizing  California  Soils  for  the   1918 

Crop. 
Wheat  Culture. 

The  Construction  of  the  Wood-Hoop  Silo. 
Farm  Drainage  Methods. 
Progress  Report  on   the   Marketing  and 

Distribution  of  Milk. 
Hog  Cholera  Prevention  and  the  Serum 

Treatment. 
Grain  Sorghums. 

The  Packing  of  Apples  in  California. 
Factors  of  Importance  in  Producing  Milk 

of  Low  Bacterial  Count. 
Control  of  the  California  Ground  Squirrel. 
Extending  the  Area  of  Irrigated  Wheat  in 

California  for  1918. 


CIRCULARS— Continued 


No. 

183.  Infectious  Abortion  in  Cows. 

184.  A  Flock  of  Sheep  on  the  Farm. 

185.  Beekeeping  for  the  Fruit-grower  and  Small 

Rancher  or  Amateur. 

188.  Lambing  Sheds. 

189.  Winter  Forage  Crops. 

190.  Agriculture  Clubs  in  California. 

191.  Pruning  the  Seedless  Grapes. 

193.  A  Study  of  Farm  Labor  in  California. 
198.  Syrup  from  Sweet  Sorghum. 

201.  Helpful  Hints  to  Hog  Raisers. 

202.  County  Organizations  for  Rural  Fire  Con- 

trol. 

203.  Peat  as  a  Manure  Substitute. 

205.  Blackleg. 

206.  Jack  Cheese. 

208.  Summary  of  the  Annual  Reports  of  the 

Farm  Advisors  of  California. 

209.  The  Function  of  the  Farm  Bureau. 

210.  Suggestions  to  the  Settler  in  California. 


No. 
214. 

215. 
217. 

218. 


Seed    Treatment   for    the    Prevention    of 

Cereal  Smuts. 
Feeding  Dairy  Cows  in  California. 
Methods    for    Marketing    Vegetables    in 

California. 
Advanced  Registry  Testing  of  Dairy  Cows. 


219.  The  Present  Status  of  Alkali. 

220.  Unfermented  Fruit  Juices. 

221.  How  California  is  Helping  People  Own 

Farms  and  Rural  Homes. 

222.  Fundamental  Principles  of  Co-operation 

in  Agriculture. 

223.  The  Pear  Thrips. 

224.  Control  of  the  Brown  Apricot  Scale  and 

the    Italian   Pear   Scale    on    Deciduous 
Fruit  Trees. 

226.  Protection  of  Vineyards  from  Phylloxera. 

227.  Plant  Disease  and  Pest  Control. 

228.  Vineyard  Irrigation  in  Arid  Climates. 

229.  Cordon  Pruning. 


